• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.95-101
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• 1983

Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside which was previously reported to exhibit liver-protective activities against $CCl_4$ and ${\alpha}-amanitin$ induced liver damages, was subject to toxicological studies. To measure the lethal dose, the doses of 100mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 900mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally to experimental mice. No death was observed 24 hrs later, but serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase activities were deceased slightly at the doses of 300mg to 900mg/kg, and the triglyceride contents were slightly increased. To investigate acute toxicity of aucubin itself, multiple dosages(20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for four times a week) were injected intraperitoneally into mice, then serum enzymes activities and chemistries were assayed; no significant change of the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, GPT, GOT in the test groups were observed in comparison with those of the control group, and the contents of triglyceride, glucose, urea nitrogen and total proteins in the test group serums appeared to be almost same levels as those of the control group were. Histological examiation on liver biopsy samples indicated no gross changes between the control group and the test group were noted. Therefore, aucubin appears to be apparently low toxic substance and its minimum lethal dose in mouse seems to be more than 0.9 g.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.710-719
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• 1997

Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside, which is isolated from Aucuba japonica, has some biological effects. This study was to investigate the effect of aucubin on the remainig pulp tissues after pulpotomy. Mongrel dog's coronal pulps were mechanically exposed with a sterile round bur and excised with sterile sharp excarvator. After bleeding was controlled, in control group, $Ca(OH)_2$ powder was applied on the remaining pulps and the cavities were sealed with Z.O.E. cement. In experimental group 1, mixed powder with $Ca(OH)_2$ and aucubin(l : 1 by weight) was applied on the pulpotomized pulp surfaces. After the cavities were covered with sterile aluminum foil, they were sealed with Z.O.E. cement. In experimental group 2, only aucubin powder was applied on the remaining pulps and then they were treated the same as experimental group 1. In the all groups, the pulps were histopathologically observed by light microscope at the time intervals of 1, 2 and 4 weeks after experiment. The results were as follows : 1. In control and experimental groups, mild vascular congestion and bleeding were found in most of the specimens. Less inflammatory infiltration was observed in experimental groups than in control group. 2. Dentin bridge formation was found after 1 week at both control and experimental group 1. Dentin birdge had discontinuous osteodentin like appearance or contained some dentin chips. In experimental group 2, dentin bridge was not seen. 3. The coagulation necrosis layer on the remaining pulp tissues was seen in all groups. In experimental group 2, the thickest layer was observed. And in control group, coagulation necrosis layer was similar as in experimental group 1.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.146-151
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• 2017

Background: Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic information of the roots of the R. glutinosa cultivars and their utilization. Methods and Results: The roots of R. glutinosa cultivars were harvested in the end of March. The two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), whereas ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The aucubin content was the highest in the Dakang cultivar, whereas no aucubin was detected in the five cultivars. All cultivars had more than 12 mg/g catalpol content, and the maximum catalpol content was found in Jihwang 1. The GABA content was the highest in Suwon 1, and it was 40 times more than that in the Yeongang cultivar. Conclusions: The highest aucubin, catapol and GABA contents were detected in the Dakang, Jihwang 1, and Suwon 1, cultivars respectively. This study provides the crucial information regarding the versatile utilization and pedigree selection of R. glutinosa cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 1985

To investigate a possible biological activity of iridoid glucosides, six compounds, aucubin, catalpol, gardenoside, geniposide, rehmannioside and swertiamarin, were studied in relation with their potential influences in RNA and protein biosyntheses in murine tumor cell, sarcoma 180, in vitro. Protein biosynthesis was slightly inhibited by aucubin, gardenoside and swertiamarin. Degree of inhibition of RNA biosynthesis by those iridoid appeared to be more sensitive than that of protein biosynthesis. When aucubin was pretreated with ${\beta}-glucosidase$ to produce its genin form and the sarcoma 180 cells were exposed to this aucubigenin, the protein and RNA biosyntheses in the cells were profoundly inhibited. The results indicate that a biologically active from of iridoid compounds is the hydrolytic products of glycoside, i.e. genin form. It is also suggested that sarcoma 180 cells used in the experiments appear to lack of ${\beta}-glucosidase$, since the inhibitory actions of iridoid glucosides were so slight that those glucosides were not hydrolysed by the enzyme to their genin forms.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1988

Veronicastrum species are perennial herb growing on the moisty land. They involves on species (V. sibiricum, Naeng-Cho), one subspecies (V. sibiricum var. zuccarini, Tuel-Naeng-Cho) and one variety (V. sibiricum var. zuccarini for. albiflora). This paper deals with a comparison of the chemical components between Naeng-Cho and Tuel-Naeng-Cho.) In the specified HPLC condition used with ${\mu}BondapakC_{18}\;column$, the retention time of aucubin, catalpol, minecoside and veratryl catalpol ester were 2.30, 2.65, 3.05 and 3.10 min, respectively, and in the other condition used with ${\mu}Bondapak\;C_8-NH_2$, the retention time of aucubin, catalpol, minecoside and veratryl catalpol were 5.4, 5.4, 4.4 and 3.2 min, respectively. The contents of minecoside in Tuel-Naeng-Cho were found to be 3.5 and 1mg/g of dry plant material and that of catalpol were found to be 5 and 2 mg/g, respectively.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.135.1-135.1
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 1987

Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell (Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial herb growing in moist land. It has been used as a korean folk medicine in treating common cold, leucorrhea, cystitis and liver damage and as cholagogue. The present study dealt with the elucidation of the chemical components. From the roots of the plant, five iridoids were isolated and identified as minecoside $(mp\;142{\sim}3^{\circ})$, 6-O-veratryl catalpol ester $(mp\;216{\sim}8^{\circ})$, catalpol $(mp\;204{\sim}6^{\circ})$, aucubin $(mp\;180{\sim}2^{\circ})$ and 6-desoxy-8-isoferuloyl harpagide $(mp\;139{\sim}41^{\circ})$. Furthermore, ${\beta}-sitosteryl-3-O-D-glucoside$, campesteryl 3-O-D-glucoside, ${\beta}-sitosterol$, campesterol, stigmasterol and mannitol were also isolated.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.145-160
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• 2011

Objectives : Rehmannia glutinosa has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Although thorough clinical trials are lacking, Various pharmacological actions for Rehmannia glutinosa has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that reactive intermediates, potentially causing toxic effects, was isolated from one of components in Rehmannia glutinosa. In this article, it is purposed for explanation and introduction of new studies for Rehmannia glutinosa in terms of pharmacological action and toxicology. Methods : New studies for Rehmannia glutinosa were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. Results and Conclusions : Rhmannia glutinosa and its components including iridoids, saccharides, as well as amino acid, showed a variety of pharmacological actions on the blood system, immune system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system and the nervous system. In addition, it was identified that aucubin, one of major components of Rhmannia glutinosa was biotransformed to reactive intermediates by ${\beta}$-glycosidase and acid-hydrolysis, resulting in forming aucubigenin- albumin adduct. Even if a lot of new pharmacological actions has been identified, it should be considered for Rhmannia glutinosa to contain the material producing reactive intermediates which may induce the side effects.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.330-338
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• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical properties of 12 different cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa, a plant used in Korean traditional herbal medicine. Method and Results: We investigated the following 12 cultivars of R. glutinosa; Jihwang1, Goryeo, Daegyung, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Yeongang, Hwanggang, Dahwang, Segang and Chunggang. We measured water content, chromaticity, hardness, active components levels, and antioxidant activity. Our results showed that Togang has the lowest water content and the highest yield. The catalpol content was the highest in Togang (40.50 mg/g) and the lowest in Chunggang (22.17 mg/g). The aucubin content was the highest in Hwanggang (0.28 mg/g). Chunggang had the lowest aucubin content, but the highest level of verbascoside. Total flavonoid and total polyphenol were the highest in Daegyung and Chunggang, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the total flavonoid and total polyphenol (r = 0.89) content. Conclusions: There were significant differences in physicochemical properties among 12 cultivars. These properties will affect suitability for processing and final product quality. We therefore suggest the selection of appropriate cultivars for different uses.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.186-189
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• 2007

The aerial parts of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) yielded two iridoids that were idenified as ajugol 3 and aucubin 4. Also, investigation of the flavonoid constituents revealed the isolation and identification of luteolin 1 and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside 2. All the isolated compounds were identifid by spectroscopicmethods (UV, MS, $^{1}H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$) and in comparison with the literature data. Both alcohol and methylene chloride/methanol extracts (1 : 1) exhibited a hepatoprotective effect by $CCl_{4}challenge$ test.