• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.554-559
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the therapeutic effects of topiramate differ according to the types of migraine. Methods : We recruited 38 children and adolescents with migraine who had been treated with topiramate. The effect of topiramate was evaluated on the basis of the change in the frequency of migraine attacks after treatment. Results : Among patients having migraine with aura, 85.7% showed complete recovery, 1 (7.1%) showed partial recovery, and 1 did not show any recovery. Among patients having migraine without aura, 47.1% showed complete recovery, 29.4 % showed partial recovery, and 23.5% showed no recovery. Among patients suspected with migraine, 1 (20%) showed complete recovery, 1 (20%) showed partial recovery, and 3 (60%) showed no recovery. Conclusion : Our results indicated that topiramate exhibited excellent therapeutic effects for migraine accompanied with aura, and it was effective in migraine without aura. However, the effect of topiramate in patients suspected with migraine was uncertain.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2003

Objectives: The authors intended to evaluate long-term outcome of group cognitive behavioral therapy(GCBT) for panic disorder and examined the variables to predict high end-state functioning in 12 months follow-up. Methods: 236 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder were assessed by STAI, ASI, BDI, BSQ, PBQ, ACQ at pre & post treatment, and were asked about the frequency of panic attacks during recent one month. We executed stepwise discriminant analysis on the clinical variables at pre treatment assessment to find the variables for discriminating between high end-state function(HES) and low end-state function(LES). Results: After GCBT, 82.6% of panic patients maintained high end-state functioning at 12 months follow-up. The results of discriminant analysis showed that BDI and BSQ at pre treatment assessment were significant variables to predict end-state functioning at 12 months follow-up. The hit ratio of discriminant analysis was 69.2%. Conclusion: These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of GCBT can be maintained through 12 months. Especially, it is likely that patients who were less depressed and who had less experienced the fear of physical symptoms at pre-treatment can maintain HES.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.48-64
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• 2001

In the dissertation, Bibos are discussed as landscape features in the geographical context of Youngnam Region. The bibo tradition in Youngnam Region began with the incorporation of temple structures in Shilla and Kaya kingdoms, and spread throughout the country during the period of Unified Shilla. In Korea Dynasty, the diffusion of temple Bibo gained momentum, because Buddhism was worshipped as national religion. Then came a sea change in the Bibo repertoire with the replacement of Buddhism by Confucianism as an ideological prop for Chason Korea. The retreat of Buddhism led to the popularization of feng-shui motifs in Bibo strategy. The centers of the diffusion of the logic of bibo were major towns such as Kyongju, Ahndong, Sangju, and Chinju. The diffusion process continued top-down to mid-sized towns, and to the bottom of small villages. What sustained the hierarchical diffusion of Bibo attributes was myriad of transportation lines. The main artery of the diffusion in Korea Dynasty was that connecting Kaegyong to Kyongju. That same function was performed by the royal road running from Seoul through Sangju, Milyang, and to Tongrae. In the age of modernization, the feng-shui and Bibo landscapes have lost their original aura. They have suffered from the ruthless attacks of the Enlightenment logic of science. However, the elan vital of feng-shui and Bibo are still visible and strongly felt in the countryside. From field experiences, one can notice that the Bibo landscapes are tightly integrated into the rural way of life. The durability of the traditional geomancy shows us the beauty of the harmonious interplay between Youngnam people and the nature.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.706-723
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• 2010

The impervious surface was frequently employed as a proxy of the total environmental burden in the urban area. The impervious surface was extracted from a satellite image and the GIS (Geographical Information System) database for childhood asthma hospitalizations was generated for a total of 62,136 children using the National Health Insurance database of South Korea. Children living in an impervious environment do result in almost twice as many hospitalizations (26.58%) for asthma, as compared to the sub-urban pervious living (15.82%). Furthermore, the risk zones with persistently high hospitalizations for three years were specifically identified over the impervious sub-district alone. The impervious zone showed a small inter-year variation of hospitalizations (r: 0.937) while the sub-urban pervious fringe was found to display a yearly variation(r: 0.371). The strong temporal autocorrelation means that the impervious areas have frequent long-lived hospitalizations for asthma, thus children living in impervious areas were likely to have had more chronic asthma attacks than those living in pervious areas. These experimental results indicate that an impervious surface as thematic parameter of analysis is a crucial explanatory variable for asthma hospitalizations and its longer persistence among children.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2016

Lectins belong to the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) class and play important roles in the recognition and elimination of pathogens via the innate immune system. Recently, it was reported that lily-type lectin-1 is involved when a pathogen attacks in the early immune response of fish. However, this study is limited to information that the lectin is involved in the innate immune response against viral infection. In the present study, the lily-type lectin-2 and -3 of Oplegnathus fasciatus (OfLTL-2 and 3) have been presented to be included B-lectin domain and two D-mannose binding sites in the amino acid sequence that an important feature for the fundamental structure. To investigate the functional properties of OfLTLs, the tissue distribution in the healthy rock bream and temporal expression during early developmental stage analysis are performed using quantitative real-time PCR. OfLTL-2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in the liver and skin, but rarely expressed in other organ. Also, the transcripts of OfLTLs are not expressed during the early developmental stage but its transcripts are increased after immune-related organs which are fully formed. In the challenge experiment with RBIV (rock bream iridovirus), the expression of OfLTLs was increased much more strongly in the late response than the early, unlike previously known. These results suggest that OfLTLs are specifically expressed in the immune-related tissues when those organs are fully formed and it can be inferred that the more intensively involved in the second half to the virus infection.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

We analyzed the variation in occurrence time and intensity of attacks by the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) on several crops. This study aimed to understand how C. suppressalis damages crops and to utilize this basic data for the establishment of environment-friendly control methods like pheromone traps. This study surveyed the changes in occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis, biological characteristics of overwintering larvae, and the efficacy of different types of pheromone traps the years. We found similar occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis in different crops. In addition, occurrence time of the first generation was advanced. Overwintering larvae showed no difference in pupal period and weight compared to the non-overwintering ones. However, the larval period was reduced to 19.1 days in Miscanthus field, in contrast to that in the paddy fields. It was confirmed that larvae of C. suppressalis generally prefer the lower part of the stems of Miscanthus. Efficiency of the emergence trap was confirmed to be greater than that of the delta trap for capturing C. suppressalis adults. However, it is necessary to adjust the control period because of the advancement in occurring time of C. suppressalis in recent years. The larvae of C. suppressalis experience favorable environmental conditions for overwintering in Miscanthus fields. The major Miscanthus fields are generally located in the areas protected for sources of drinking water, owing to which spraying of chemical pesticides is very limited. The results of this study provide important inputs for the development of environment-friendly control methods.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.21
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• pp.35-52
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• 2009

The guard system in the last period of the Joseon Dynasty, established at the time of the struggle of invading world powers and the loss of the Dynasty rights, was strengthened to protect the Royal family and the Dynasty from the attacks of foreign powers. While investigating both the military system and the guard system from the beginning of King Gojong's direct royal governing to the time of Japanese annexation of Korea, we realize that the Joseon Dynasty not only lost the support of the public but also had little power to cope with the aggression of foreign countries. The reformation and strengthening by Daewongun, King Gojong's father, was made in preparation for King Gojong's direct royal rule. Nevertheless, the intervention of foreign countries in the domestic affairs of the Joseon Dynasty got worse. As opposed to their intervention, Queen Minbi had engaged in politics, which resulted in murderous attempts on her. The Joseon Dynasty had tried to reform and intensify the guard system. New names such as Muwiso, Chingunyeong, and Siwidai, had been given respectively. Such reformation and intensification had little effect because of two successive victories at the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War of Japan. Japan occupied the Joseon Dynasty by force after all. The guard system of Daehan-jeguk(the Empire of Korea) was eventually incapacitated; an army in the cause of justice was raised instead. However, The state of things and the guard system at that incapacitated period gives a good lesson for the establishment of a modern guard system at the present day.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.54
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• pp.9-35
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• 2018

During the recent years, cyber attacks have been increasing both in the private sector and the government. Those include the DDOS cases in 2009, the Blue House cyber attack, bank hackings etc. Cyber threats are becoming increasingly serious. However, there is no basic law related to cyber security at present, and regulations related to cyber security are scattered in various domestic laws. This can lead to confusion in the application of the law and difficult to grasp the regulations related to cyber security. In order to overcome this situation, the bill on the prevention and countermeasures against cyber crisis was initiated in 2006, but it has been abrogated. Since then, it has been repeatedly proposed, but it has been abrogated repeatedly due to the overlapping of existing laws and concerns about infringement of personal information. The most recent initiative was the National Cyber Security Act, which was initiated by the government in January 2017. The act focuses on resolving the absence of a basic law related to cyber security, strengthening its responsiveness in the event of a cyber security crisis, and fostering security strength. Therefore, this study seeks to contribute to the establishment of National Cyber Security legislation as a basic law of cyber security by examining the necessity of National Cyber Security legislation through comparative legal analysis with existing domestic laws related to cyber security and suggesting policy implications.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.155-173
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• 2019

This study touches upon the challenges of globalization, in which terrorism is one of the most brutal forms of criminal violence targeting innocent people. No country is immune from terrorist attacks, and no person is immune from becoming a victim. Interest in this topic is increasing as terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, and in its inhumanity and cruelty, is now becoming one of the most acute and pressing problems of global importance. Legal regulations passed in Mongolia in 2004 have established a structure to prevent and detect terrorist threats. However, the country's anti-terrorism policy should be improved with respect to its global counter-terrorism strategy. Because Mongolia is a comparatively safe country in the region, the people do not consider terrorism to be a real threat. This study aims to suggest methods to quickly raise awareness and create a security culture to improve Mongolia's long-term terrorism prevention policy. In particular, the authors review Mongolia's anti-terrorism policy, focusing on legal regulations, and suggest education methods to raise terrorism awareness for the public as a primary preventive measure. The study also presents a comparative analysis and a summary conclusion by examining international legal acts, conventions on new manifestations of terrorism, the foundations of laws and regulations of Mongolia, and related research on terrorism.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.113-135
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• 2019

Despite being one of the most important national facilities, the National Assembly building of the Republic of Korea has become increasingly vulnerable to potential terrorist attacks, and the instances of demonstrations occurring around and banned items taken into the building are continuing to rise. In addition, promoting the idea of "open assembly" has led to increased visitors and weakened access control. Furthermore, while there is a significant symbolic value attached to attacking the National Assembly building, the level of security management is relatively very low, making it a suitable target for terrorism. In order to address such vulnerability, an appropriate access control system should be in place from the areas surrounding the building. However, the National Assembly Security Service which oversees security around the building is scheduled to disband in June 2020 following the abolition of the conscripted police force in 2023. Therefore, there needs to be an alternative option to bolster the security system outside the facility. In this research, the perceptions of 114 government officials in charge of security at the National Assembly Secretariat toward the protection and security system of the areas surrounding the National Assembly building were examined. Results showed that the respondents believed it was highly likely that risky situations could occur outside the building, and the use of advanced technologies such as intelligent video surveillance, intrusion detection system, and drones was viewed favorably. Moreover, a mid- to long-term plan of establishing a unified three-layer protection system and designating a department in charge of the security outside the building were perceived positively. Lastly, the participants supported the idea of employing private police to replace the National Assembly Security Service for the short term and introducing parliamentary police for the mid- to long-term.