• BMB Reports
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.515-520
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• 1999

Incubation of two types of glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins from bovine brain with the arginine-specific dicarbonyl reagent phenylglyoxal resulted in a biphasic loss of enzyme activity. Reaction of the glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins with phenylglyoxal caused a rapid loss of 53~62% of the enzyme activities and modification of two residues of arginine per enzyme subunit. Prolonged incubation of the glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins with phenylglyoxal resulted in the modification of an additional four residues of arginine per enzyme subunit without further loss of the residual activities. Partial protection against inactivation was provided by the coenzyme NADH or substrate 2-oxoglutarate. The most marked decrease in the rate of inactivation was observed by the combined addition of NADH and 2-oxoglutarate, suggesting that the first two modified arginine residues are in the vicinity of the catalytic site. However, inactivation of the glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins by phenylglyoxal appears to be partial with approximately 40% activity remained after an extended reaction time with excess reagent, suggesting that the modified arginine residues may not be directly involved in catalysis. The lack of complete protection by substrates also suggest the possibility that the modified arginine residues are not directly involved at the active site, and the partial loss of activity by the modification of arginine residues may be due to a conformational change. There were no significant differences between the two glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins in sensitivities to inactivation by phenylglyoxal, indicating that the microenvironmental structures of the glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins are very similar to each other.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2018

Transcriptional gene silencing is regulated by the chromatin structure, which is by various factors including histones. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains transcriptionally silenced regions such as telomeric regions and hidden mating (HM) loci. The positively-charged amino acids on the histone H4 tail were reported to be critical for the telomeric silencing in yeast, by interacting with Dot1, a specific methyltransferase for the $79^{th}$ lysine on histone H3. However, Dot1 did not affect gene silencing within HM loci, but whether the positively-charged amino acids on the H4 tail affect HM silencing has not been defined. To elucidate the function of the H4 tail on HM silencing, we created several MATa-type yeast strains bearing the substitution of arginine with alanine or lysine on the histone H4 tail and checked the sensitivity of MATa-type yeast to alpha pheromone. The arginine point mutants substituted by alanine (R17A, R19A, and R23A) did not show sensitivity to alpha pheromone, but only two arginine mutants substituted by lysine (R17K and R19K) restored the sensitivity to alpha pheromone-like wild type. These data suggested that the basic property of arginine at $17^{th}$ and $19^{th}$ positions in the histone H4 tail is critical for maintaining HM silencing, but that of the $23^{rd}$ arginine is not. Our data implicated that the positive charge of two arginine residues on the histone H4 tail is required for HM silencing in a manner independent of Dot1.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2011

A. nidulans chitin deacetylase를 자가분해 용액으로부터 소수성 상호작용 컬럼 크로마토그래피와 이온 교환 컬럼 크로마토그래피를 통해 순수 분리하였다. 효소 활성에 관여하는 아미노산을 분석하기 위해 효소 단백질과 특정 아미노산 잔기에 작용하는 화학 수식제를 반응시켜 효소를 화학 수식하였다. histidine 잔기가 화학 수식된 효소는 효소활성을 100% 상실하였으며, arginine의 잔기 혹은 tyrosine 잔기는 100 ${\mu}M$보다 높은 농도의 수식제로 화학수식 되었을 때 효소활성이 감소하였다. Aspartic acid 혹은 glutamic acid의 carboxyl group 잔기의 화학수식은 효소활성의 상대적으로 작은감소를 나타냈다. 이것은 산성 아미노산의 잔기가 화학 촉매 반응에 직접 관여하지 않았거나 혹은 산성 아미노산 잔기는 효소단백질의 전반적인 구조에 영향을 미친다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 효소 단백질의 촉매활성에 histidine, tyrosine 및 arginine 잔기가 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것을 의미한다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.330.1-330.1
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• 2002

Arginine methylation is a common post-translation protein modification in eukaryotic cells. Protein-arginine N-methyltransferase transfer methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the guanidino group of arginine residues. However. The significant of this modification has been questionable. because it occurs rarely and is present at very low abundance. Recently, the discovery of two protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT1 and CARM1, as cofactors required for responses to muclear Hormone receptors provided an indicationthat arginine methylationhave an important role in transcriptional regulation. (omitted)

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.317-320
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• 2000

The succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from bovine brain was inactivated by treatment with phenylglyoxal, a reagent that specifically modifies arginine residues. The inhibition at various phenylglyoxal concentrations shows pseudo-first-order kinetics with an apparent secondorder rate constant of 30 $M^{-1}min^{-1}$ for inactivation. Partial protection against inactivation was provided by the coenzyme $NAD^+$, but not by the substrate succinic semialdehyde. Spectrophotometric studies indicated that complete inactivation of the enzyme resulted from the binding of 2 mol phenylglyoxal per mol of enzyme. These results suggest that essential arginine residues, located at or near the coenzyme-binding site, are connected with the catalytic activity of brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 1996

MCAT1 의 기질과 결합하는 장소를 조사하기 위해 세포막내에 존재하는 부분의 극성 아미노산을 반대 극성의 아미노산으로 치환시킨 돌연변이체를 만들어 arginine 통과능력, gp70 결합능, efflux, Xenopus oocyte 를 이용한 단백질 발현 능력등을 조사하였다. 다섯 개의 돌연변이체중 D403K 이 가장 흥미로운 성질을 나타냈는데, 그것은 정상적인 gp70 결합능력과 낮은 arginine 통과능력을 나타냈다는 것으로 정상적인 단백질이 세포막에서 발현되고 있으나 arginine 통과능력이 감소했다는 사실을 나타내는 것이다. K211E 를 제외한 모든 돌연변이체가 감소된 arginine efflux 와 감소된 Vmax 값을 나타내었다. 이들 결과로부터 MCAT1 의 403 번째 아미노산인 glutamic acid 가 세포막내에서 기질과 상호작용하는 장소라는 가능성을 시사하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2014

We identified four basic amino acid residues as nuclear localization signals (NLS) in the C-terminal domain of the prototype foamy viral (PFV) integrase (IN) protein that were essential for viral replication. We constructed seven point mutants in the C-terminal domain by changing the lysine and arginine at residues 305, 308, 313, 315, 318, 324, and 329 to threonine or proline, respectively, to identify residues conferring NLS activity. Our results showed that mutation of these residues had no effect on expression assembly, release of viral particles, or in vitro recombinant IN enzymatic activity. However, mutations at residues 305 (R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 313(R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 315(R ${\rightarrow}$ P), and 329(R ${\rightarrow}$ T) lead to the production of defective viral particles with loss of infectivity, whereas non-defective mutations at residues 308(R ${\rightarrow}$ T), 318(K ${\rightarrow}$ T), and 324(K ${\rightarrow}$ T) did not show any adverse effects on subsequent production or release of viral particles. Sub-cellular fractionation and immunostaining for viral protein PFV-IN and PFV-Gag localization revealed predominant cytoplasmic localization of PFV-IN in defective mutants, whereas cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of PFV-IN was observed in wild type and non-defective mutants. However sub-cellular localization of PFV-Gag resulted in predominant nuclear localization and less presence in the cytoplasm of the wild type and non-defective mutants. But defective mutants showed only nuclear localization of Gag. Therefore, we postulate that four basic arginine residues at 305, 313, 315 and 329 confer the karyoplilic properties of PFV-IN and are essential for successful viral integration and replication.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.188-192
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• 1990

볏짚, 보릿짚, 밀짚, 호밀짚의 4가지 작물유체(作物遺體)와 산야초(山野草), 활엽수(闊葉樹)와 침엽수(針葉樹) 낙엽등(落葉等) 7가지 식물유체(植物遺體)를 부열(腐熱)시키면서 경시적(經時的)으로 시료(試料)를 채취(採取)하여 추출(抽出)한 fulv산(酸)을 가수분해(加水分解)시킨후, amino산(酸)을 정량분석(定量分析)한 결과(結果) aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, histidine, lysine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine, threonine, proline, methionine 등(等) 16종(種)의 amino산(酸)이 검출(檢出)되었다. 1. 부숙(腐熟) 90일(日)후에 유출(抽出)한 fulvic acid중에는 0.15% 내지 0.53%의 amino산(酸)이 함유되어 있었고, 산야초(山野草)에 가장 많이 그리고 밀짚에 가장 적게 함유되어 있었다. Humic acid의 함량에 비해 1/5내지 1/31의 정도로 함랑이 적었다. 2. Neutral amino acids, acidic amino acids, basic amino acids의 순(順)으로 많이 함유되어 있었다. 3. 부숙화(腐熱化)가 잘된 시료(試料)에서는 arginine이 검출되지 않았다. 4. Aromatic amino acid인 phenylalanine과 tyrosine은 일반적으로 검출되지 않았다. 5. Glycine, glutamic acid와 aspartic acid가 주요 amino acid였으며 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid를 제외하고 비교해 본 결과, 각 amino산중(酸中)에서 분자량(分子量)이 낮을수록 함유된 농도가 높은 경향이었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2012

ErmSF는 23S rRNA의 A2058 (E. coli numbering)에 methylation을 유발하여 macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B ($MLS_B$)계 항생제의 부착을 저해함으로써 항생제 활성을 억제하는 내성인자 단백질인 Erm 단백질들 중의 하나이다. Erm 단백질들 사이에서 공통적으로 나타나는 $^{222}FXPXPXVXS^{230}$ (ErmSF numbering) 서열은 Erm 단백질인 ErmC'와 DNA methyltransferase인 M. Taq I의 구조를 분석한 연구에서 타깃인 adenine과 직접적으로 상호작용하는 부위로 제안되거나 확인되었다. 따라서 이 부분 중 Erm 단백질 사이에서 잘 보존되어있지는 않지만 염기성인 잔기의 특성상 기질인 RNA와 상호작용이 예상되는 223, 227번 arginine을 alanine으로 위치 지정 치환한 변이 단백질을 이용하여 그 잔기의 효소 활성에서의 역할을 확인하였다. 두 변이 단백질은 생체 내에서 그 활성을 여전히 유지하고 있어서 항생제인 erythromycin에 대하여 내성을 나타내었으나 in vitro 상에서는 R223A 또는 R227A가 야생형 ErmSF에 비하여 약 50%, 88%의 활성을 각각 나타내어 효소 활성에서 각 잔기가 결정적이지는 않지만 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.723-728
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• 2015

Smurf2, a member of the HECT domain E3 ligase family, is well known for its role as a negative regulator of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling by targeting Smads and TGF-${\beta}$ receptor. However, the regulatory mechanism of Smurf2 has not been elucidated. Arginine methylation is a type of post-translational modification that produces monomethylated or dimethylated arginine residues. In this report, we demonstrated methylation of Smurf2 by PRMT1. In vitro methylation assay showed that Smurf2, not Smurf1, was methylated by PRMT1. Among the type I PRMT family, only PRMT1 showed activity for Smurf2. Transiently expressed Smurf2 was methylated by PRMT1, indicating Smurf2 is a novel substrate of PRMT1. Using deletion constructs, methylation sites were shown to be located within amino acid region 224-298 of Smurf2. In vitro methylation assay following point mutation of putative methylation sites confirmed the presence of Arg232, Arg234, Arg237, and Arg239. Knockdown of PRMT1 resulted in increased Smurf2 expression as well as inhibition of TGF-${\beta}$-mediated reporter activity. Although it is unclear whether or not increased Smurf2 expression can be directly attributed to lack of methylation of arginine residues, our results suggest that methylation by PRMT1 may regulate Smurf2 stability and control TGF-${\beta}$ signaling.