• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.91-99
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• 1997

Alvar Aalto has pursued National Romanticism, cultural art movement in scandinavian peninsula, organic concepts of growth and suitability, comprehensive view of nature including a possibility of coexistance of human-being and the nature well harmonized. For instance, his design expressed local features of the nature, human emotions instead of geometical arts and mathematical principles. It is noteworthy today that he built up the identity with satrical architecture vocabularies, different from modern arch-itechtural idiology. The characte-ristics of his design related to interior architecture are collectively as follows; The first, Space discontinuity of the interior and exterior, gradual process by joints which are inclined to collage with many shapes in plan and section of the space and such joints are adjusted by sensual ways and stressed with inner collectivity in his works. The second, He pursued the architectural orderfor modern irreqularity, various changes and sensual harmonies. As result, free curved line, fan shape and irregular modeling were individually expressed by technics of natural features and national characteristics of Finland. The third, Organic synthesis. A harmony through med-ums in its space, materials and space effectiveness relations are made and expressed for mixed design especially harmonized of all the materials he planned, entire harmony with total design, itemized details, materials and furnitures in entire space. The fourth, The interest of the nature based on his sense harmonized with nature made him mainly use native materials, lumbers and red bricks masonry and showed and arranged various interior sky light and grazed in to let natural light in, harmony with garden to sensually cohere to the nature and courtyard, etcetera. His major subject are to direct architectural developments through the nature and human-being in his works. At this point, it is considered that his direction of the locality and independence as a human-being made the concepts of organic space structure possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.16 no.1 s.68
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

The vibration analysis of the circular arch as a member of a structure has been an important subject of mechanics due to its various applications to many industrial fields. In particular, circular arches with variable cross section are widely used to optimize the distribution of weight and strength and to satisfy special architectural and functional requirements. The Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM) and Differential Transformation Method (DTM) were recently proposed by Shu and Zou, respectively. In this study, GDQM and DTM were applied to the vibration analysis of circular arches with variable cross section. The governing equations of motion for circular arches with variable cross section were derived. The concepts of Differential Transformation and Generalized Differential Quadrature were briefly introduced. The non-dimensionless natural frequencies of circular arches with variable cross section were obtained for various boundary conditions. The results obtained using these methods were compared with those of previous works. GDQM and DTM showed fast convergence, accuracy, efficiency, and validity in solving the vibration problem of circular arches with variable cross section.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2012

A curved fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) panel is produced with a certain width depending on allowances of manufacturing processes and facilities. An targeted arch-shaped structure could be built by sequential connection of series of the FRP panels. The connection manner between the FRP panels could be given by chemical treatment, mechanical treatment and hybrid method. Among those, the connection between the panels by chemical treatment is commonly adopted. Therefore, For an optimized design of the connected part between FRP pannels, a number of direct shear tests have been undertaken in terms of a number of parameters: surface treatment conditions, bonding materials, etc.. As results, surface grinding condition by sand paper or surface treatment by sand blasting appear properly acceptable methods, and epoxy and acryl resins are shown to be effective bonding materials for the purpose in this study.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.345-352
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• 2004

In a shotcrete support system, the cooperation of the ground and the shotcrete lining makes it possible to transfer the shear stress to the shotcrete lining, which is dedicated to form a stable structure. In this study, a homogeneous model ground with constant strength was produced by using gypsum and the tunnel was excavated with a top heading method under the definite initial stress. During the excavation, the stress in the ground around the tunnel and the deformation of shotcrete lining were measured, The tensile stress was generated in tangential direction in the ground near the tunnel and in the shotcrete lining due to tunnel excavation. This shows the unified behavior of the ground and shotcrete lining, which is the most typical characteristic of the shotcrete support. As a result, the rates of in-situ stress during the excavation at a top boundary line was 9% and at top arch heading 15%. It was 48% right after excavating the heading and 94% before cutting the bench.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 2007

A bridge is a space used as a passage. This space should be functional, solid, and beautiful. Since the beginning of human life, bridge architecture has given importance to function as a connection from one place to another. Stepping stones in the stream were the connections between divided spaces in the agricultural life, the bridge on the entrances of a town was the place for separation, expectation, and communication for people gathering around the community. Southern Chinese provinces such as Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, and Guizhon is famous for it's spectacular scenary, and tribes like the 'Miao' and 'Dong' live in a cooperate community. The 'Dong' tribe is one of the 'Yue' genealogy where the people have settled down in this place in the days of 'Qin Shi Huang(Qin dynasty)'. As the population of the 'Dong' tribe growed, they used a bridge to connect town to town. The scale became larger with additional design, giving splendid achievement to bridge architecture. The 'Fungyu bridge' in Tongdao and 'Chungyang bridge' in Sanjiang are some fine examples. The Fungyu bridge could be defined as a bridge which blocks wind and rain, this has the same function as the lounge bridge in Taishun located in southern Zhejiang province. In Taishun, 5 minority races such as the 'Dong' and 'Miao' people have been living together as a clan society for centuries on mountains as high as 1000m following their own tradition. The 'Xiliu river' flowing thorough has a variety of bridges remaining in it's original form, and it is recently known as a museum of ancient bridges. The formation of the bridges in Tongdao and Taishun shows that it is different with the arch and straight bridges remaining in Korea. In this study, it is readjusting the base data, showing plan characteristics and describing the construction of the wooden structure above the bridge post.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.415-429
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• 2013

Performance-based design is becoming a key word for structure design in architectural and civil engineering spheres. In this paper, the need of the performance-based design, especially for tunnels, was enhanced by case study on the largely deformed cut-and-cover arch tunnel built by the prescribed design. In addition, this paper introduces effective method of subdivision on tunnel performance to help field engineer's comprehension. Case study dealing with the issue of typical backwards problem in geotechnical engineering was examined. First of all, the outline of the damaged culvert as well as the surrounding embankment is in detail described. The background, together with the cause of damage, is discussed based on the results of site investigation. Secondly, it was attempted to elucidate the deformation mechanism of the embankment by means of numerical analysis, and the countermeasures are proposed. Finally, the stability of the embankment with the countermeasures was evaluated.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.485-495
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• 2020

Based on the movement characteristics of overlying strata with gangue backfilling, the compression test of gangue is designed. The deformation characterristics of gangue is obtained based on the different Talbot index. The deformation has a logarithmic growth trend, including sharp deformation stage, linear deformation stage, rheological stage, and the resistance to deformation changes in different stages. The more advantageous Talbot gradation index is obtained to control the surface subsidence. On the basis of similarity simulation test with gangue backfilling, the characteristics of roof failure and the evolution of the supporting force are analyzed. In the early stage of gangue backfilling, beam structure damage directly occurs at the roof, and the layer is separated from the overlying rock. As the working face advances, the crack arch of the basic roof is generated, and the separation layer is closed. Due to the supporting effect of filling gangue, the stress concentration in gangue backfilling stope is relatively mild. Based on the equivalent mining height model of gangue backfilling stope, the relationship between full ratio and mining height is obtained. It is necessary to ensure that the gradation of filling gangue meets the Talbot distribution of n=0.5, and the full ratio meets the protection grade requirements of surface buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.31-38
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• 2002

This study attempts to grasp the correlation between the image of bridges and bridge landscapes with their surroundings during day and nighttime viewing, and to understand the psychological influence of nighttime lighting through quantitative analysis. In addition, it presents a design to construct bridges in order to increase viewers enjoyment of bridge landscapes lit at night. To attain this objective and contrive generalization of the results, this paper selects 8 of 9 bridges with lightings in Seoul and excludes bridges constructed by 2004. The criteria for selection of the viewpoints is that each must be within easy reach of bridges, and must allow viewers to recognize surrounding landscape details both in daylight and at night. As well, the pictures of bridges are taken in the terraced land by the riverside. The study selects 16 pictures, judged to be of similar quality and angle, to establish the conditions of luminosity, color, definition and angle. The results are as follows. First, viewers preferences of night landscapes are higher than day landscapes due to the effect of lighting. By day, viewers preferred bridges with various structures such as cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges more than simple bridges like girder bridges. Viewers also indicated preferences for lightings which feature a unique color and which are harmonized with their surroundings. Second, components representing the images of bridge landscape are classified into three types, 'beauty', 'system' and 'agreeableness'. Third, the factors affecting preference are the shape of bridge by day and lighting at night. Esthetic appeal is the most important factor in visual preference so each bridges own esthetic appeal and surroundings must be considered. Thus, a complete plan must be created which considers safety, beauty and the local surroundings. In addition, when the lighting of a bridge is selected, the design of the bridge landscape must consider various lighting schemes to harmonize the upper and lower parts of the structure. At this point, the study reveals the basic elements of bridge planning in order to increase appreciation of the bridge landscape.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2005

Background and Objectives: Fibula is the flap of choice for reconstruction of wide mandible defects after tumor ablation surgery. In mandible reconstruction, restoring the mandible frame to provide mandibular contour and dental arch while restoring masticatory function are important. Even though vascularized fibula can be osteotomized freely, proper design and flap insetting is not easy because of its three dimensional structure and difference in design according to the defect sites. We reviewed patients who underwent mandible reconstruction with fibular flaps according to the defect sites and suggest proper modification methods of fibular flap according to the various defects sites after tumor ablation surgery. Materials and Methods: Twelve consecutive mandible reconstruction with fibular free flaps were performed for defects after tumor ablation surgery. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the type of mandibular defect(Group 1 : defect on central segment including symphysis, Group 2 : defect on lateral segment(with or without central segment) confined to body, Group 3 : defect on body and ascending ramus that does not include the condyle, Group 4 : defect including the condyle). Results: We suggest different modification methods of fibular free flap for each patient group. Group 1, 3 ; contour by using multiple closing wedge osteotomy. Group 2 ; single or double barrel reconstruction without wedge osteotomy. Group 4 ; contour using single or multiple wedge osteotomy and condylar reconstruction with costochondral graft. Conclusion: Fibular free flaps can be contoured to any desired shape after multiple osteotomies to restore various mandibular defects. It is a reliable and versatile method for reconstruction of mandibular defects after tumor ablation surgery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.114-118
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• 2018

A 3-month-old intact male Lakeland terrier was presented with recurring regurgitation after removing cervical esophageal foreign body by endoscopy. Blood and urine analysis, radiography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopic esophagography, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) were performed. In radiography and fluoroscopic esophagography, vascular ring anomaly was considered as the primary cause of megaesophagus, and CTA with gas-inflation of the esophagus was performed. Compressed esophagus, persistent right aortic arch (PRAA), aberrant left subclavian artery (LSA), and a venous structure which was confirmed in surgery to be incomplete type persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) connected with the left side azygos vein were observed. Left deviation of the trachea was also revealed in CT, which implies the compression by left ligamentum arteriosum. Therefore, type 3 PRAA with left ligamentum arteriosum and aberrant LSA, was considered as a prior differential diagnosis. Surgical repair was performed and the clinical signs improved. This report describes CTA characteristics of combination of PRAA with aberrant LSA, incomplete PLCVC and Lt. azygos vein in a dog. Although not every vascular anomaly does induce clinical sign, some types can complicate the surgical procedure, and cause clinical signs. Therefore, thorough evaluation of vascular anomalies in the thorax is important, and CTA is a useful method in identifying multiple vascular anomalies in dogs.