• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1457-1466
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• 2012

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exert antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses by various mechanisms. AMPs commonly possess particular characteristics by harboring cationic and amphipathic structures and binding to cell membranes, resulting in the leakage of essential cell contents by forming pores or disturbing lipid organization. These membrane disruptive mechanisms of AMPs are possible to explain according to the various structure forming pores in the membrane. Some AMPs inhibit DNA and/or RNA synthesis as well as apoptosis induction by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically, mitochondria play a major role in the apoptotic pathway. During apoptosis induced by AMPs, cells undergo cytochrome c release, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, plasma or mitochondrial membrane depolarization, DNA and nuclei damage, cell shrinkage, apoptotic body formation, and membrane blebbing. Even AMPs, which have been reported to exert membrane-active mechanisms, induce apoptosis in yeast. These phenomena were also discovered in tumor cells treated with AMPs. The apoptosis mechanism of AMPs is available for various therapeutics such as antibiotics for antibiotic-resistant pathogens that resist to the membrane active mechanism, and antitumor agents with selectivity to tumor cells.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2016

Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-skin cancers in men. Armeniacae Amarum Semen has traditionally been used for the treatment of inflammation diseases, leprosy, leucoderma, and tumors. Apoptosis, which is also known as programmed cell death, is an important mechanism in cancer treatment.Objectives : We observed whether an aqueous extract of Armeniacae Amarum Semen induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 prostate cancer cells.Methods : We treated DU145 cells with Armeniacae Amarum Semen extract and investigated characteristics of apoptosis. And investigated whether treated with Armeniacae Amarum Semen extract increased Bax mRNA expression, Bcl-2 mRNA expression, caspase-3 enzyme activity and their protein level.Results : We have shown that Armeniacae Amarum Semen extract can induce apoptotic cell death in human DU145 prostate cancer cells by caspase-3 activation through the down-regulation on Bcl-2 expression and the up-regulation on Bax expression.Conclusions : It can be expected that an aqueous extract of Armeniacae Amarum Semen may offer a valuable means for the treatment of prostate cancers.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2003

Objectives : Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) has been used as a prescription for stroke, senile and vascular dementia, ischemic brain and heart damage in Oriental traditional medicine. However, there is little known about the mechanism by which the water extracts of Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) rescue cells fromthese damages, and little is known about the protective mechanisms of Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) on oxidative stress in neuronal cells. Therefore, we have investigated the role of Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) on serum and glucose deprived apoptosis in PC12 cells. Methods : PC12 Cells have been used extensively as a model for studying the cellular and molecular effects of neuronal cells. The viability of cells was measured by MIT assay. We used DNA fragmentation and caspase 1, 2, 3, 6, 9-likeproteases activation assay. Transcriptional activation of NF-kB was assessed by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results : Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) rescued PC12 cells from apoptotic death by serum and glucose deprivation in a dose-dependent manner. The nuclear staining of PC12 cells clearly showed that Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) attenuated nuclear condensation and fragmentation, which represent typical neuronal apoptotic characteristics. Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) also prevents fragmentation of genomic DNA and activation of caspase 3-like protease in serum and glucose deprived PC12 cells. Furthermore, Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) reduced the activation of NF-kB by serum and glucose-deprived apoptosis. Conclusions : These findings suggest that serum and glucose deprivation induces reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion, and consequently, apoptosis through endogenously produced reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells. Also, our data indicated that Boyanghwanoh-tang (Buyanhaiwu-tang) has protective effects against the serum and glucose deprived deaths of PC12 cells, which are mediated by the generation of GSH that, in turn, can reduce oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.149-159
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• 2004

Backgrounds & Objectives : The water extract of Gyungokgo (GOG) has traditionally been used for treatment of general weakness and hemoptysis in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of GOG rescues cells from these damages. This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of GOG on H2O2­induced cell death in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Methods : In this study, we used H9c2 cells. Cells were treated with oxidative stress in the absence and presence of 1000㎍/ml GOG for 12hrs. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GOG for 12hrs. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Oxidative stress, which markedly decreased the viability of H9c2 cells, was characterized by apparent apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation as well as fragmentation of genomic DNA and nuclei. Results : GOG significantly reduced H₂O₂-induced cell death and apoptotic characteristics. The cotreatment of GOG and H₂O₂ in H9c2 cells also induced the phosphorylation of ERKs in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, PD098059, a MEK1 (upstream activator of ERK) inhibitor attenuated the protective effect of GOG on H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that MEK/ERK pathways play important roles in the protective effects of GOG in H9c2 cells. Taken together, they suggest that the protective effects of the water extracts of GOG against oxidative damages may be mediated by the regulation of HO-1, Fas/FasL and Bcl-XS proteins.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2008

The cytotoxic characteristics of Vitsin A isolated from Vitis amurensis L. were examined in human colorectal, breast, uterine and renal cancer cells. Vitsin A showed good cytotoxicity against various cancer cells with $IC_{50}$ of $1\;{\sim}\;30\;{\mu}M$. Among them, Vitisin A exhibited strongest cytotoxic effect against MES-SA cells with $IC_{50}$ of 1.11 ${\mu}M$ by SRB assay. To verify whether the cytotoxicity of Vitisin A may be associated with apoptosis, TdT-mediated-dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and cell cycle analysis were performed in MES-SA cells. Apoptotic bodies were observed in Vitisin A treated MES-SA cells by TUNEL assay. Also, Vitisin A effectively increased the portion of $sub-G_1$ DNA content by flow cytometric analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of Vitisin A against MES-SA cells is chiefly mediated by apoptosis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2005

Objective : The water extract of Seokchangpowonji-san (SWS) has traditionally been used for treatment of dementia in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of SWS rescues cells from neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Methods & Results: This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of SWS on $\beta-amyloid$ or $H_2O_2$-induced$ cytotoxicity in neuro 2A cells. $H_2O_2$ markedly decreased the viability of neuro 2A cells, which was characterized by apparent apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing as well as fragmentation of genomic DNA and nuclei. However, the water extract of SWS significantly reduced $H_2O_2-induced$ cell death and apoptotic characteristics through reduction of intracellular peroxide generation. Also, the. extract prevented the mitochondrial dysfunction including the disruption of mitochondria membrane permeability transition (MPT) and the modulation in expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in $H_2O_2­treated$ neuro 2A cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with SWS inhibited the activation of caspase-3, and in turn, degradation of ICAD/DFF45 was completely abolished in $H_2O_2-treated$ cells. Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggest that the protective effects of the water extract of SWS against $\beta-amyloid$ induced oxidative injuries may be achieved through modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1010-1016
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• 2007

Sagunjatang (Sagunja), containing Radix Astragali, Radix Ginseng, Fructus Schizandrae, Radix Ophiopogonis and Radix Glycyrrhizae, has been used as a prescription for ischemic heart and brain diseases in Korean traditional medicine. This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of Sagunja on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Treatment with $H_2O_2$ resulted in death of H9c2 cells, characterized by apparent apoptotic features, including the fragmentation of nucleus and increase in sub-GO/G1fraction of cell cycle. However, Sagunja markedly suppressed the apoptotic characteristics of H9c2 cells induced by $H_2O_2$ with decrease of intracellular peroxide level. In addition, Sagunja suppressed the features of mitochondrial dysfunction, including change of mitochondrial membrane potential, in $H_2O_2$- treated cells. Additionally, Sagunja induced the expression of HO-1 protein in both time-and dose-dependent manner. The role of HO-1 in ROS-scavenging activity of Sagunja is proposed.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of rice bran extract in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. The extract of rice bran inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells. When treated with the rice bran extract, we could observe the apoptotic characteristics such as apoptotic bodies and the increase of sub-G1 hypodiploid cell population, increase of Bax level, decrease of Bcl-2 expression, cleavage of procaspase-3, cleavage of procaspase-9 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis induction of HL-60 cells treated with the rice bran extract was also accompanied by the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as ERK1/2 MAPK and p38 MAPK. In addition, the rice bran extract induced the down-regulation of c-myc. These data suggested that the rice bran extract could induce the apoptosis via the inactivation of ERK1/2 MAPK and p38 MAPK, and the down-regulation of c-myc in HL-60 acute pomyelocytic leukemia cells. The results support that the rice bran extract might have potential for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1516-1523
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• 2006

The water extract of Danchunhwan(DCH) has been traditionally used for treatment of dementia damage in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of DCH rescues cells from neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of DCH on ${\beta}$-amyloid or $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronblastoma cells. ${\beta}$-amyloid and $H_2O_2$ markedly decreased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells, which was characterized with apparent apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing as well as fragmentation of genomic DNA and nuclei. However, the water extract of DCH significantly reduced both ${\beta}$-amyloid or $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and apoptotic characteristics through reduction of intracellular peroxide generation. Also, the water extract of DCH prevented prevented the mitochondrial dysfunction including the disruption of mitochondria membrane permeability transition (MPT) and the perturbation in Bcl-2 family protein expressions in $H_2O_2$-treated SH-SY5Y cells.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.671-679
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 메탄올로 추출한 시금치, 양배추, 양파 추출물의 인간 위암세포 AGS와 인간 유방암세포 MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3 암세포에서의 세포 증식 억제 효과와 apoptosis 유도 효과에 대하여 비교 조사하였다. AGS, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3 암세포에 시금치, 양배추, 양파 추출물을 0, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/mL$로 24시간 동안 처리한 뒤 MTT assay를 통하여 세포 생존율을 측정한 결과 암세포 생존율이 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 시금치, 양배추, 양파 추출물의 암세포 증식 억제 효과가 apoptosis에 의해 유도되는지 확인하기 위해 AGS, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3 암세포에 각 추출물을 0, $200{\mu}g/mL$로 24시간 동안 처리한 후 DAPI staining을 수행한 결과 apoptotic body와 염색질 응축이 추출물 처리군에서 증가하였다. MTT assay와 DAPI staining 결과 암세포 증식 억제 효과 및 apoptosis 유도효과가 가장 우수했던 양파 추출물에 의한 apoptosis 관련 단백질들의 변화 양상을 확인하기 위해 western blotting을 수행하였다. AGS, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3 암세포에 양파 추출물을 0, $200{\mu}g/mL$로 24시간 동안 처리한 뒤 western blotting을 수행한 결과 pro-apoptotic 인자인 Bax 발현은 증가하였으며 PARP 단백질의 분절 또한 증가한 것을 확인하였다. 반면 anti-apoptotic 인자인 Bcl-2의 발현은 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하였을 때 시금치, 양배추, 양파 추출물은 인간 위암세포인 AGS, 인간 유방암세포인 MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3에서 apoptosis 유도를 통해 암세포 성장을 억제하는 것으로 생각한다. 그중 양파 추출물의 효과가 가장 우수했으며 유방암세포보다 위암세포에서의 apoptosis 유도 효과가 뛰어났다. 따라서 양파의 섭취는 위암의 예방 및 치료를 위한 치료제로의 개발 가능성이 우수함을 제시하며 추후 지속적인 연구를 통하여 in vivo에서의 양파 추출물의 항암 효과에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각한다.