• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.345-353
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• 2021

Phytobiotics, also known as phytochemicals or phytogenics, have a wide variety of biological activities and have recently emerged as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic growth promoters. Numerous studies have reported the growth-promoting effects of phytobiotics in chickens, but their precise mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. Phytobiotics are traditionally known for their antioxidant activity. However, extensive investigations have shown that these compounds also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and transcription-modulating effects. Phytobiotics are non-nutritive constituents, and their bioavailability is low. Nonetheless, their beneficial effects have been observed in several tissues or organs. The health benefits of the ingestion of phytobiotics are attributed to their antioxidant activity. However, several studies have revealed that not all these benefits could be explained by the antioxidant effects alone. In this review, I focused on the bioavailability of phytobiotics and the possible mechanisms underlying their overall effects on intestinal barrier functions, inflammatory status, gut microbiota, systemic inflammation, and metabolism, rather than the specific effects of each compound. I also discuss the possible mechanisms by which phytobiotics contribute to growth promotion in chickens.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

We investigated the protective effects of antioxidant fractions from a 70% ethanolic extract of Hizikia fusiformis in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Powdered H. fusiformis was extracted with 70% ethanol and then partitioned into three fractions according to polarity using n-hexane (HFH), chloroform (HFC), and ethyl acetate (HFEA). Antioxidant activity was observed in HFEA at 0.66 mg/mL based on the half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and at 0.24 mg/mL based on alkyl radical scavenging. The protective effects of the HFEA antioxidant fraction against 2,2-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-damaged HDFs and the expression of Type I procollagen in HDFs were examined. HFEA caused the proliferation of HDFs with and without AAPH treatment and protected against AAPH damage to HDFs in a dose-dependent manner ($50-200{\mu}g/mL$). This implies that the antioxidant properties of the fractions depended on their proliferative and protective effects. The HFEA antioxidant fraction had significant effects and caused the dose-dependent expression of Type I procollagen, an important anti-wrinkle protein, in HDFs. In conclusion, antioxidant substances in H. fusiformis were found in the ethyl acetate fraction, and the resulting HFEA may have cosmetic applications.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a major effector of various diseases; accordingly, antioxidants are frequently ingested in order to prevent or alleviate disease symptoms. Kimchi contains various natural antioxidants, and it is known that the functional activity varies depending on the ingredients and fermentation state. Black raspberries (BR) contain various bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects. This study investigated the antioxidant and liver-protection effects of kimchi supplemented with black raspberry juice powder (BJP). MATERIALS/METHODS: BJP-added kimchi (BAK; at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations of BJP) and control (without BJP) were prepared and fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. Changes in the antioxidant effects of BAK during fermentation were investigated. In addition, the protective activity of BAK against oxidative stress was investigated in a liver cirrhosis-induced animal model in vivo. RESULTS: BAK groups showed the acidity and pH of optimally ripened (OR) kimchi at 2 weeks of fermentation along with the highest lactic acid bacterial counts. Additionally, BAK groups displayed a higher content of phenolic compounds and elevated antioxidant activities relative to the control, with the highest antioxidant effect observed at 2 weeks of fermentation of OR 1% BAK. After feeding the OR 1% BAK to thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis rats, we observed decreased glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities and elevated superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that the antioxidant effects of OR BAK and feeding of OR 1% BAK resulted in liver-protective effects against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1367-1374
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three cultivars of kiwi berries were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Mansoo had the highest total phenolic content and TAC among the three cultivars, whereas Chiak had the highest total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were more strongly correlated with total phenolic content than with total flavonoid content. The kiwi berry extracts suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The release of nitrite, an indirect indicator of nitric oxide, was also ameliorated by pre-treatment with the kiwi berry extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular-based measurements of antioxidant capacity exhibited that the kiwi berry extracts had cellular antioxidant capacities. Such cellular antioxidant effects are possibly attributed to their direct antioxidant capacity or to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation via anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings suggest that kiwi berries are potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 2003

Some Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to weeds species as well as antioxidant to foods. Aqueous extracts from leaves of 3 plant species, Cirsium japonica, Kalimeris yomena, and Lactuca saliva, were bioassayed against alfalfa (Medicago saliva) to determine their allelopathic effects. The extracts applied on filter paper in bioassay significantly inhibited root growth of alfalfa. Extracts of 20 g dry tissue $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ from Lactuca sativa showed the most inhibitory effect on alfalfa seedling growth and followed by Cirsium japonica and Kalimeris yomena. Oxidative stability by Rancimat method and antioxidant activity by TBA method for the ground samples were the greatest in Lactuca sativa although were less than that of a commonly used antioxidant, 1% ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts on storing meat was stably kept for 28days and was excellent compared to control. These results suggest that three Compositae plants have potent allelopathic and antioxidant effects, and that their activities differ, depending on plant species.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.275-286
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• 2013

In the present study, antioxidant activity and protective effect of extracts from Sambucus williamsii var. coreana stems (SWC) were evaluated on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress in human liver (Chang) cells. Antioxidant activities of the SWC extracts were determined by various radical scavenging activities, such as DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. SWC extracts showed strong antioxidant effect on various assay. To determine the hepatoprotective effects of SWC on t-BHP induced oxidative damage, cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Pretreatment of SWC extracts showed increasing cell viability, decreasing ROS and restoring mitochondria membrane potential on t-BHP induced oxidative stress in Chang cells. Our findings suggest that SWC extracts may be considered a potential agent for therapeutic protective effect from oxidative stress through its antioxidant activity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1235-1239
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• 2008

To study the health promoting effects of medicinal plants, 30 medicinal plants commonly available in Korea have been evaluated for their antioxidant compounds and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Total polyphenolics and flavonoids in the methanolic extracts were measured by spectrophotometric methods and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and chelating effects have been determined for antioxidant activities. Moreover, the effects of medicinal plants on cell proliferation of intestinal (Caco-2) and pituitary (GH3) tumor cells were investigated using thiazolyl blue terazolium bromide (MIT) assay. The methanolic extracts of Pueraria thunbergiana and Artemisiae asiatria contained the highest total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. P. thunbergiana exhibited the highest antioxidant activities. A. asiatria showed the strongest antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 and Ponciruc trifoliata Rafin and Lophathrum gracile Bronghiart exhibited the highest activities against GH3. Although there was positive correlation between ABTS radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic contents ($R^2=8189$), no relationship was found between antiproliferative and antioxidant activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2023

Various skin diseases are occurring due to external factors such as urbanization and increase in environmental pollution and wearing masks due to COVID-19. Accordingly, various functional cosmetics are being released, but as some side effects are reported, research on functional cosmetics materials using natural plants is necessary. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Phyllanthus emblica, Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and Commiphora myrrha mixed extracts (PGC) that pharmacological efficacy has been verified were analyzed and their potential as functional cosmetics raw materials was examined. Four extracts (PGC-1~4) were prepared according to the extraction method. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity experiments were conducted for the antioxidant efficacy of the extracts. In addition, paper disc experiments and LPS inflammation-inducing cytokine experiments were conducted to examine the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, a cell viability test was performed to confirm cytotoxicity. As results of the study, all extracts showed antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects without cytotoxicity, and in particular, PGC-4, a fermentation and ultrasonic extract, showed the best efficacy. This means that the extraction yield of useful components varies depending on the extraction method.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-62
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• 2007

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative effects of Puerariae Radix extract. Method Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Total antioxidant response (TAR), Total phenolic content, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities, lipid peroxidation were examined. Result Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and total antioxidant response(TAR) against potent free radical reactions. TAC and TAR of Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 5 mg/ml were 2.02 and 1.50 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively. Total phenolic content of Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 5 mg/ml was 2.29 mM gallic acid equivalent. Concentration of Puerariae Radix extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 5.91 mg/ml as compared to 100% by pyrogallol solution as a reference. The inhibitory effect of the extract on lipid peroxidation was examined using rat liver mitochondria induced by FeSO4/ascorbic acid. Puerariae Radix extract at the concentration of 1 mg/ml slightly but significantly decreased TBARS concentration. The extract further prevented lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of Puerariae Radix extract on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined using cell-free system induced by hydrogen peroxide/FeSO4. Addition of 1 mg/ml of Puerariae Radix extract significantly reduced dichloroflurescein (DCF) fluorescence. The extract caused concentration-dependent attenuation of the increase in DCF fluorescence, indicating that the extract significantly prevented ROS generation in vitro. Thus antioxidant effects of Puerariae Radix extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation, followed by inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Conclusion As a result, Puerariae Radix seems to have antioxitative effect and antioxidant compount.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.130-147
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• 2004

To investigate the antioxidant capacity of traditional Korean herb medicines, water extracts from 42 species which has been used for the Taeum constitution of Sasang Medicine, were tested on their antioxidant activity using radical scavenging effects against ABTS. Some Of them showed strong antioxidant capacities at $50{\mu}g$ concentration. And, antioxidant capacities of 2 prescriptions extract of Sasang Medicine, Cheongsimyeonja-tang and Yeoldahanso-tang, in the different concentration ($10{\mu}g$, $50{\mu}g$, and $100{\mu}g$) were determined. At the same time, the antiperoxidation effects of these 2 prescriptions extract were determined. Lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates induced by NADPH and $ADF-Fe^{2+}$ was strongly inhibited by Cheongsimyeonja-tang in vitro. The above-mentioned 2 prescriptions are a potent antioxidant capacity and antiperoxidation activity, further investigation into the in vivo antioxidant therapeutic potential for treatment of human disorders in brain tissue.