• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 2009

Purpose: This study compared the frequency of postoperative infections in patients for a closed mandibular fracture with that without the postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients and Methods: 48 patients without any specific medical history were divided into two groups depending on whether or not antibiotics had been applied after the surgery. The 24 patients in group 1 received only a second-generation cephalosporin ($Cefotetan^{(R)}$) intravenously from admission to immediate after the surgery. Likewise, 24 patients in group 2 received 1.0g of $Cefotetan^{(R)}$ twice daily longer than the third day after surgery. The mean (SD) duration of antibiotics administration after surgery was 6.9 (${\pm}3.56$). The patients were evaluated after surgery for any postoperative infections according to the criteria: purulent drainage from a wound, spontaneous wound dehiscence accompanied by swelling, pain, and fever around the wound. Results: Postoperative infections were encountered in 2 out of 24 patients in group 1, who received antibiotic medication until shortly after surgery, and in 3 out of the 24 patients in group 2, in whom the medication was continued even after the surgery. There was no sig nificant difference in the incidence of postoperative infections between the two groups. Conclusion: From this study, postoperative use of antibiotics seems to be unnecessary with view of the little significance of the factors that could affect the wound infection.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2022

Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli cases are increasing high especially in Southeast Asia. Illegal use of the antibiotic in the aquaculture farming may become the culprit of the outbreak and spread into environmental source. A study was conducted to: 1) detect the chloramphenicol (CAL)-resistant gene in E. coli isolated from three aquaculture farms and six rivers of northwestern Borneo and 2) investigate the correlation between cat gene with five common antibiotics used. Isolation of E. coli was done on Eosin methylene blue agar and characterized using indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate tests. E. coli isolates were subsequently tested for their susceptibility to five antibiotics commonly used in aqua-farming. The CAL-resistant E. coli were further analyzed for the presence of resistant genes (cat I, cat II, cat III, cat IV) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. 42 bacterial colonies were isolated from a total of 80 individual water samples, 34 of which were identified as E. coli. Result showed 85.3% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 35.3% were resistant to tetracycline, 29.4% were resistant to CAL, 17.6% were resistant to nitrofurantoin and 8.8% were resistant to nalidixic acid. All of the 10 CAL resistant E. coli isolateswere detected with cat II genes; five isolates detected with cat IV genes; three isolates detected with cat III genes; and another two detected with cat I genes. Pearson correlation coefficient shows highly significant relationship between resistance pattern of CAL with amoxicillin; and CAL with tetracycline. Our findings provide the supplementary information of the CAL resistance gene distribution, thereby improving our understanding of the potential risk of antibiotic resistance underlying within this microbial ecosystem.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2023

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that produces attaching and effacing lesions on the large intestine and causes hemorrhagic colitis. It is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated meat or fresh produce. Similar to other bacterial pathogens, antibiotic resistance is of concern for EHEC. Furthermore, since the production of Shiga toxin by this pathogen is enhanced after antibiotic treatment, alternative agents that control EHEC are necessary. This study aimed to discover alternative treatments that target virulence factors and reduce EHEC toxicity. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is essential for EHEC attachment to host cells and virulence, and most of the LEE genes are positively regulated by the transcriptional regulator, Ler. GrlA protein, a transcriptional activator of ler, is thus a potential target for virulence inhibitors of EHEC. To identify the GrlA inhibitors, an in vivo high-throughput screening (HTS) system consisting of a GrlA-expressing plasmid and a reporter plasmid was constructed. Since the reporter luminescence gene was fused to the ler promoter, the bioluminescence would decrease if inhibitors affected the GrlA. By screening 8,201 compounds from the Korea Chemical Bank, we identified a novel GrlA inhibitor named Grlactin [3-[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl]-4-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-one], which suppresses the expression of LEE genes. Grlactin significantly diminished the adhesion of EHEC strain EDL933 to human epithelial cells without inhibiting bacterial growth. These findings suggest that the developed screening system was effective at identifying GrlA inhibitors, and Grlactin has potential for use as a novel anti-adhesion agent for EHEC while reducing the incidence of resistance.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2022

Purpose: Most cases of oral and maxillofacial infections are usually easily treated by proper diagnosis, elimination of causative factors, and antibiotic therapy. However, the emergence and the increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria make treatment challenging. "ESKAPE" pathogens are the most common opportunistic organisms in nosocomial infections and have resistant to commonly used antibiotics. There are many medical reviews of ESKAPE pathogens, but few in dentistry. This study focuses on oral and maxillofacial infection especially with ESKAPE pathogens. The purpose of this study is to prepare feasible data about tracing and treatment of infection related to pathogens that may be beneficial to clinicians. Methods: A total of 154 patients with oral and maxillofacial infections were reviewed by analyzing retrospectively hospitalized data in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Korea, past 5 years from January 2014 to December 2018. Based on the medical records and microbiological tests, the results were divided into two groups: infections with ESKAPE pathogens and other bacteria. Results: A total of 22 species were isolated from 154 patients. The proportion of ESKAPE pathogens among all bacterial isolates collected from infected patients was 39.6%. Causative factors, especially in post-operative infection, showed a statistically significant correlation to ESKAPE infections (29 cases). And average of treatment period in ESKAPE group was longer than non-ESKAPE groups. Overall, Klebsiella pneumoniae (60.7%) was the most frequently isolated ESKAPE pathogen. And high antibiotic resistance rates had been detected in the ESKAPE during the five-year period. Conclusions: Infections with ESKAPE pathogens are now a problem that can no longer be overlooked in Dentistry. Based on results of this study, ESKAPE pathogens were highly associated with post-operative or opportunistic infections. Clinicians should be careful about these antibiotic resistant pathogens and use appropriate antibiotics to patients while having dental treatments.

• Hip & pelvis
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2023

Purpose: A staged revision with placement of a temporary antibiotic-loaded cement spacer after removal of the implant is the "gold standard" for treatment of chronic prosthetic joint infection (PJI). It enables local delivery of antibiotics, maintenance of limb-length and mobility, easier reimplantation. However, bacterial colonization of spacers and mechanical complications can also occur. The aim of this study is to evaluate functional results and infection control in two-stage treatment of total hip arthroplasty (THA) PJI with and without a spacer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 64 consecutive patients was conducted: 34 underwent two-stage revision using a cement spacer (group A), 30 underwent two-stage revision without a spacer (group B). At the final follow-up, functional evaluation of patients with a THA in site, without PJI recurrence, was performed using the Harris hip score (HHS). Measurement of limb-length and off-set discrepancies was performed using anteroposterior pelvic X-rays. Results: Most patients in group B were older with more comorbidities preoperatively. Thirty-three patients (97.1%) in group A underwent THA reimplantation versus 22 patients (73.3%) in group B (P<0.001). No significant differences in limb-length and off-set were observed. The results of functional evaluation performed during the final follow-up (mean, 41 months) showed better function in patients in group A (mean HHS, 76.3 vs. 55.9; P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of antibiotic-loaded cement spacer seems superior in terms of functional outcomes and reimplantation rate. Resection arthroplasty might be reserved as a first-stage procedure in patients who are unfit, who might benefit from a definitive procedure.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Although recommendations for probiotic use should be strain-specific, many systematic reviews, including recommendations from different societies, recommend probiotic use in general, providing no relevant information for healthcare professionals regarding which probiotic to recommend for which clinical indication, at what dose, and for how long. This narrative review aimed to present the available evidence on the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of common gastrointestinal diseases in children, considering the strain and dose used. Furthermore, this study summarizes the evidence on the possible side effects and quality of products containing probiotics.

• 생약학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.153-169
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• 1988

The combined use of the J-modulated selective INEPT and CSCM 1DNMR techniques is described for the structure elucidation of several new classes of compound including prionitin, the loureirins and larreantin, and for the regiosubstitution of the furanonaphthoquinones. Spectroscopic studies on the conformation of the cytotoxic agent savinin are also described, together with the NMR assignments and preliminary biosynthetic experiments on the antitumor antibiotic staurosporine.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1220-1224
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• 1991

A 39 year-old woman presenting with a hemoptysis, pulmonary infiltrate was found to have thoracic actinomycosis by the specimens of excised lung. Recently, pulmonary actinomycosis is very rare by the widespread use of antibiotics. Clinical, radiological, and microbiological findings can be nonspecific. The diagnosis is dependent on a high index of suspicion. Chances for cure are excellent with lengthy antibiotic administration. The purpose of this paper is to review our experience and to remind us of pulmonary actinomycosis.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2004

Successful genetic transformation of plants requires non-chimeric selection of transformed tissues and their subsequent regeneration. With rare exceptions, most transformation protocols still rely heavily on antibiotics for selecting transgenic cells that contain an antibiotic-degrading selectable marker gene. Here, the morphogenic capacity of in-vitro explants of chrysanthemnum and tobacco stems and leaves (control and transgenic) changed with the addition of aminoglycoside antibiotics (AAs), In a test of 6 AAs, phytotoxicity occurred at concentrations of 10 to 25 and 50 to 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ $mL^{-1}$ in chrysanthemum and tobacco explants, respectively. Light conditions as well as explant source and size also had significant effects. The use of transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs), in conjunction with high initial AA selection levels, supported the greatest regeneration of transgenic material (adventitious shoots or callus) and the lowest number of escapes. Flow-cytometric analyses revealed no endodu-plication in chrysanthemum, even at high AA levels. However, this phenomenon was observed in tobacco calli(8C or more), even at low AA concentrations (i.e., 5 to 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ mL$^{-1}$ ).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.402-407
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• 2008

The synergistic antimicrobial effect of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) and Bifidobacterium extracellular factors against Clostridium difficile were measured using a turbidity method. Each broth supernatant of Bifidobacterium infantis ($68.8{\pm}0.02%$) and Bifidobacterium adolescentis ($33.2{\pm}0.2%$) obtained by adding ethyl acetate soluble fractionate from A. japonica Nakai ethanolic extracts (AJNEA, 100 ppm, no inhibition) showed high synergistic antimicrobial activity against C. difficile. In addition, the antimicrobial activity in a laboratory medium and yogurt products against C. difficile were evaluated. In yogurt prepared with a starter 5 (Lactobacillus acidophilus: Streptococcus thermophilus: B. adolescentis =1 : 1 : 1) and a starter 4 (L. acidophilus: S. thermophilus: B. infantis=1 : 1 : 1) and 0.5% AJNEA powder, high antimicrobial effects were recorded that measured 79.0 and 65.2%, respectively. The results indicated the potential of AJN extract for use as an antimicrobial agent. In addition, the efficiency of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was further improved in combination with lactic acid bacteria, which suggests that they have the potential to be used as a highly effective antibiotic-tolerant microorganism prevention system. Such a strategy can be used for alternative drugs or functional food additives for treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.