• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.43-56
• /
• 2012

Objective : In this study, we assessed the anti-bacterial effects and epidermal permeability barrier function of red onion juice comparing to yellow onion juice and $Houttuynia$ $cordata$ extract $in$ $vitro$. Methods : 3types of red and yellow onion juice were prepared as antibacterial agent candidates with Houttuynia cordata hot water extract using 4 different bacterial strains ($Escherichia$ $coil$, $Salmonella$ $enterica$ $subsp.$ $enterica$, $Staphylococcus$ $epidermidis$, $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ $subsp$) by colony counting method. The expression of filaggrin, a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, and serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), a marker of the formation of the stratum corneum lipid barrier, in human HaCat keratinocytes were analyzed using HaCaT cell line. The expression of COX-2 and AP-1 which is a factor of COX-2 transcription were also analyzed by western blotting method. Results : There was detectable anti-bacterial effects on $Staphylococcus$ $epidermidis$, $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ $subsp$ among 1%, 5%, 10% extracts of yellow and red onion.(81%-100%) The bacteriocidal effects were not shown on $Escherichia$ $coil$, $Salmonella$ $enterica$ $subsp.$ $enterica$ among $Houttuynia$ $cordata$, yellow onion and red onion extracts. The in vitro results showed the concentration-dependent effects on the expression of both filaggrin and SPT in HaCat cells among 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% extracts in Houttuynia cordata and red onion, reflecting the notion that $Houttuynia$ $cordata$ and red onion can induce epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and improve the recovery of skin barrier functions. The concentration-dependent effects also have been shown on the expression of both COX-2 and AP-1 among 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% extracts in $Houttuynia$ $cordata$ and red onion, while slight effect in yellow onion. Conclusion : Red onion juice could be a potential candidate enhanser for the skin care and cosmetology.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2015

Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syrinage, is a very damaging disease to green pumpkin in Gong-ju and Non-san nursery. However, there is no good method to control the disease in Korea. Growth inhibition of pathogen on medium, control efficacy on seedling stage, and seed treatment effect of 6 anti-bacterial pesticides were investigated for selection of the best pesticide for seed treatment and control of the disease. Growth inhibition zone on King's B medium were the largest by oxytetracycline 170 ppm and oxytetracycline 15 ppm + streptomycin sulfate 188 ppm, oxolinic acid 200 ppm, streptomycin 200 ppm were next respectively. Control efficacy of oxytetracycline 1.5% + streptomycin sulfate 18.8% WP and oxytetracycline 17% WP on seedling stage were 71.4% and 49.4%, respectively. Seed treatment of oxytetracycline 15 ppm + streptomycin sulfate 188 ppm on the artificially inoculated seeds inhibits pathogen growth completely from the treated seeds and 96% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. Seed treatment of streptomycin 100 ppm (2,000 dilution of streptomycin 20%) on the artificially inoculated seeds allow 280 cfu/g of pathogen growth from the treated seeds and 60% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. Seed treatment of oxytetracycline 85 ppm (2000 dilution of oxytetracycline 17% WP) on the artificially inoculated seeds allow 80 cfu/g of pathogen growth from the treated seeds and 90% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. These results suggested that oxytetracycline 1.5% + streptomycin sulfate 18.8% WP was the best pesticide for seed treatment to control of the bacterial spot disease by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.365-369
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to seek optimum concentration and treatment time of fermented rice water (Rizen) to disinfect food-borne bacteria in kitchen towel. $2.65\;log_{10}cfu/g$ of E. coli was reduced when double or triple diluted fermented rice water was treated during 2 hours. In case of concentrated fermented rice water, crude and double diluted solutions showed complete sterilization after 2 and 5 hours, respectively. On the other hand, triple, quadruple, quintuple diluted solutions needed 24 hours for complete sterilization. The effect of fermented rice water as a disinfectant was compared with water, detergent and chlorine treatment against E. coli and S. Typhimurium contaminated in kitchen towel. The initial number of E. coli in untreated kitchen towel were $5.0\;log_{10}cfu/g$ and were decreased to 4.32, 3.70 and 3.02 by treatments of water, detergent and chlorine, respectively. The double and triple diluted fermented rice water and double diluted concentrated fermented rice water also reduced the E. coli in kitchen towel to 2.43, 2.30 and $1.88\;log_{10}cfu/g$, respectively. The initial number of S. Typhimurium in untreated kitchen towel were $4.80\;log_{10}cfu/g$ and were decreased to 4.12, 3.58 and 2.81 by treatments of water, detergent and chlorine, respectively. The double and triple diluted fermented rice water and double diluted concentrated fermented rice water also reduced the E. coli in kitchen towel to 2.14, 2.03 and $1.59\;log_{10}cfu/g$, respectively. Consequently, the fermented rice water is thought to be a good disinfectant to reduce food-borne bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella contaminated in kitchen towel.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.15-31
• /
• 2012

In our previous studies, the antioxidant, anti-aging, and antibacterial activities of Persicaria hydropipier L. extract, and the moisturizing effect of cream containing P. hydropipier extract were investigated. In this study, the cellular protective effects of P. hydropipier extract and isoquercitrin, main component from P. hydropipier in $^1O_2$-induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes and ultraviolet B (UVB)-exposed HaCaT cells were investigated. Liposomes such as ethosome and elastic liposome for enhanced transdermal delivery were prepared. Size, loading efficiency, stability, and cumulative permeated amounts of ethosomes and elastic liposomes were evaluated. P. hydropipier extract and isoquercitrin showed more prominent cellular protective effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as lipid antioxidant at $5{\mu}g/mL$. P. hydropipier extract didn't show any characteristics of cytotoxicity at $50{\mu}g/mL$. When HaCaT cells were exposed to a single large dose ($400mJ/cm^2$) of UVB, the extract protected the cells against UVB radiation in a concentration dependent manner ($12.5{\sim}50{\mu}g/mL$). Cell viability of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB $400mJ/cm^2$ was increased by treatment with P. hydropipier extract or isoquercitrin from 36 % (cell viability of positve control groups) to 90 % (cell viability of P. hydropipier extract or isoquercitrin- treated groups). The size of 0.04 % P. hydropiper extract loaded ethosomes was 173.0 nm and the loading efficiency was 55.58 %. 0.04 % P. hydropiper extract loaded ethosomes were stable with as monodisperse particles for 1 week. The ethosome exhibited more skin permeability than general liposome and ethanol solution. The optimal ratio of lipid to surfactant ($Tego^{(R)}$ care 450) of 0.1 % P. hydropiper extract loaded elastic liposomes was observed to be 95 : 5. Vesicle size of 0.1 % P. hydropiper extract loaded elastic liposome was 176.5 nm. The deformability index of the elastic liposome was 16.4. The loading efficiency was 68.8 %. The elastic liposome containing P. hydropiper extract showed more skin permeability than liposome without surfactant ($Tego^{(R)}$ care 450).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.52-67
• /
• 1998

The investigative research on the mammalian milk purely consisted of the physiological quality of lactoferrin was conducted to reveal the antimicrobial ativity of specifically functional foods with antibiotic characteristics as a basic data in food manufacturing. Bovine lactoferrin were isolated from raw milk samples, and was digested with pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. It was necessary then to separate and purify lactoferrin from bovine raw milk, and in order to analyze the antimicrobial activity of the enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin in their required quantitative fraction. Afterwards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was incubated in it. It was that investigated to enzyme-treated fractions molecular weight and the peptide fragment with antimicrobial effect. 1. The purity of enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin(BLF) was tested by SDS-PAGE. As a results of 12% SDS-PAGE assay, pepsin-treated LF did not exhibited band until if reaches 14 KDa, while trypsin and chymotrypsin treated LF, known to contain the non-digestive lactoferrin exhibited band at a molecular weight of 33 KDa. 2. Bovine lactoferrin was sucessfully purified through the use of Sephadex G-50 Column. In order to assay LF through the Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, the digestive bovine lactoferrin (BLFs) was eluted with a linear gradient of 0.05% Tris-HCl. When the gel-filtration analysis, pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLF fragments was showed 2, 3, and 2 peak, respectively. The results of the HPLC analysis confirmed that had a non-digestive lactoferrin receptor, and trypsin and chymotrypsin treated BLFs has an antimicrobial effect. 3. To measure the strength of the antimicrobial effect of enzyme treated lactoferrin it was compared to the antimicrobial activity taking place at the incubated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This might explain the resistance of the microorganisms for peptide fragment. The pepsin-treated of bovine lactoferrin was markedly reduced by incubation of the cells. Trypsin-treated of BLF was similar to chymotrypsin-treated of BLF. However, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLFs were showed the antimicrobial effect until eight hours incubation for native bovine lactoferrin. Therefore the enzyme-treated lactoferrin have an antimicrobial effect even non-digestive lactoferrin. 4. The digestive bovine lactoferrin fragments assay was carried out by the use of Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The pepsin and chymotrypsin-treated fragments has a low molecular weight and trypsin-treated lactoferrin was only showed a band. It was described that characteristics of digestive protein. It appeared that there may be a relation between virulence and resistance to enzyme-treated BLF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 2012

In this study, the functional properties of royal court (RC) soy sauces, Gungjung-kanjang, were analyzed in vitro. RC soy sauces, traditional soy sauce, and commercial soy sauces were fractionated based on an MW cut-off of 1,000. The total phenolic compounds smaller than and larger than 1,000 MW (low and high fraction) in RC soy sauces were determined to be $101.55{\pm}1.49\sim114.00{\pm}0.11$ mg/L and $32.51{\pm}0.32\sim113.47{\pm}0.43$ mg/L, respectively. The low fraction of RC soy sauces showed around 51% superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, which was higher than other soy sauces. Among RC soy sauces, Cheong-jang showed significantly high activity. Significant differences in fibrinolytic and antibacterial activities were not observed between soy sauces. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activities in the low and high fractions of RC soy sauces were in the range from $6.34{\pm}1.51\sim8.79{\pm}0.81$% and $5.72{\pm}1.29\sim7.94{\pm}0.34$%, respectively. However, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity in the high fraction of Kot-jang soy sauce was 75.88%${\pm}$1.20%. Lipase inhibitory activities in the low fractions of RC soy sauces, especially Cheong-jang, Deot-kangang, Jin-jang, and Euyeuk-kanjang, were also measured.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2017

The majority of freshwater ornamental fish are imported and distributed domestically, causing high risk of exposure to exotic pathogens and drug resistant bacteria in Korea. Aeromonas hydrophila is known as a common species of fresh water bacteria and opportunistic fish pathogen, as well as a species causing zoonotic infection. In this study, we isolated motile aeromonads from various imported freshwater ornamental fish and studied the characters of the isolates. Imported freshwater ornamental fish were purchased on day 1 after the fish were deposited in the aquarium. Bacteria were isolated from the liver, kidney and spleen of fish using 0.5% NaCl containing tryptic soy agar medium. Bacteria were grouped on the basis of their morphological characteristics. The colonies with clear zone on starch-ampicillin agar (SA agar) were tentatively identified as Aeromonas spp. Two hundred and twenty-six strains, about 70% of total isolates were assumed to be Aeromonas spp. Nine isolates were further identified based on the result of the API 20E test and PCR using primers specific for A. hydrophila 16S rRNA gene. The isolates were identified as A. hydrophila and the API 20E test showed differences in trisodium citrate, D-sucrose, D-melibiose, amygdalin and L-arabinose availability between the nine isolates and standard A. hydrophila. The susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to 10 antibacterial agents were confirmed by the disk diffusion method. Isolated strains were found to be resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin and sensitive to florfenicol. However, 7 isolates showed multiple drug resistances to erythromycin, oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid etc. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined by the artificial challenge test on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Three isolates caused 60 ~ 80% mortality in goldfish within 5 days after the initiation of challenge. These results indicate that multiple drug resistant, highly pathogenic and exotic A. hydrophila can spread to domestic aquarium and the preventive treatment of fish before sale is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.237-245
• /
• 2004

The physicochemical and physiological activities of domestic garlic from 3 different areas (Namhae, Jeju and Uiseong) were analyzed. The contents of moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fiber in garlic were little different in 3 kinds of area. Total sugar and water soluble phenolic compounds were higher in garlic from Namhae. The free sugars found in garlic were fructose, sucrose and lactose. Five kinds of organic acids were determined. Malonic acid and citric acid contents in garlic from Namhae were 23.7${\pm}$1.16 mg% and 22.1${\pm}$0.82 mg%, respectively. Total mineral content of garlic samples were in a range of 7112.6～9067.3 mg%, the potassium content showed the highest concentration (4117.3${\pm}$7.19～5175.3${\pm}$9.61 mg%). The electron donating abilities in 0.2% of garlic from Namhae and Uiseong showed 46.2${\pm}$1.25% and 37.0${\pm}$1.l6%, respectively. The nitrite scavenging effect was measured at different conditions (pH 1.2 and 4.2). The nitrite scavenging effects were higher at pH 1.2, and reached more than 95% by adding 0.2% and 0.1 % of garlic juice at pH 1.2. Addition 0.02～0.001 % garlic juice in showed the SOD-like activities. Its activity of garlic from Namhae. was a range of 6.0${\pm}$0.37～14.4～0.69%. It was found that 0.2% and 0.1% garlic showed strong antimicrobial action against growth of all the tested bacteria. Antimicrobial action. was showed 74.7${\pm}$0.70% and 51.7${\pm}$1.l1% on Sal. typhimurium in 0.2% of garlic from Namhae and Uiseong and 28.6${\pm}$0.90% on B. subtilis in garlic from Jeju.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.233-236
• /
• 2012

Cefquinome, a fourth generation cephalosporin, has been solely used for veterinary medicine and has a broad antibacterial spectrum against gram-negatives and gram-positives being very stable to ${\beta}$-lactamases. This study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefquinome 2.5% products in piglets. Plasma cefquinome concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Mean maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) of test product ($Cequus^{(R)}$) and reference product ($Cobactan^{(R)}$) were $4.34{\pm}0.58$ and $4.22{\pm}0.47{\mu}g/mL$, and mean area under the concentration time curve ($AUC_{0{\rightarrow}{\infty}}$) values were $10.43{\pm}1.96$ and $10.25{\pm}2.98{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of $C_{max}$ (0.941-1.115), and $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}{\infty}}$ (0.927-1.172) values for the test and reference products were within the acceptable bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. It is concluded that two commercial cefquinome injectable solutions are bioequivalent in their extent of drug absorption in piglets.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.241-246
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of erythrosine sensitized with a conventional halogen curing unit and sub-minimal bactericidal concentration(sub-MBC) of chorhexidine on bacterial viability of Streptococcus mutans in planktonic state. Sub-minimal bactericidal concentration of chlorhexidine was added into wells containing bacteria and erythrosine. The range of concentrations tested for chorhexidine was from 0.0000001% to 0.001%. The irradiation of the bacterial suspensions was performed for 15 sec with a conventional halogen curing unit light. In another set of experiment, the effects of 0.001% chlorhexidine were observed by adding chlorhexidine into wells containing the sub-minimal bactericidal concentration of erythrosine. At the concetration of 0.001% chlorhexidine, there were no antibacterial effects in the absence of erythrosine PDT(p < 0.05). At the concentraton of $1{\mu}M$ erythrosine, there was no photodynamic therapy effect in the absence of chlorhexidine(p < 0.05). But in the presence of sub-minimal bactericidal concentration of erythrosine with light exposure, the addition of 0.001% chlorhexidine increased the bactericidal rate(p < 0.05). A combination of erythrosine PDT with sub-MBC chlorhexidine resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial counts when compared to the case with the absence of chlorhexidine.