• Title/Summary/Keyword: anti-platelet aggregation

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Changes in the in vitro Antioxidant and Antithrombosis Activities of Salicornia europaea According to Harvest Time (수확시기에 따른 함초의 항산화 및 항혈전 활성의 변화)

  • Kim, Mi-Sun;Lee, Jung-Nam;Seong, Ha-Jung;Kim, Deuk Hoi;Sohn, Ho-Yong
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.9
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    • pp.1033-1040
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    • 2016
  • In Korea, the aerial parts of the halophyte Salicornia europaea, known as hamcho, are used in salads in April–June and in oriental medicine in September–October In this study, with the aim of developing functional foods to aid blood circulation, hot water extract (HWE) and ethanol extract (EE) were prepared using hamcho harvested from the fields of Shinan, Jeonnam, Korea on 5th April (HWE-04, EE-04), 5th July (HWE-06, EE-06), 5th August (HWE-08, EE-08), 5th September (HWE-09, EE-09), and 5th October (HWE-10, EE-10), and their antioxidant and antithrombosis activities were evaluated. Among the HWEs, HWE-10 showed the highest concentration of total polyphenols and total flavonoids (22.4 and 17.6 mg/ml, respectively), and EE-09 had the highest concentration among the EEs (20.1 and 19.3 mg/ml, respectively). Among the HWEs and EEs, HWE-08 and EE-08 had the highest total sugar and reducing sugar content. In the antioxidation assay, HWE-10 and EE-09 showed strong reducing power, as well as DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite scavenging activities. The calculated RC50s of EE-09 against DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite were 578, 277, and 68.8 μg/ml, respectively. The antithrombosis activity assay revealed that HWE-04, HWE-06, EE-04, and EE-06 had anticoagulation activity against coagulation factors and that HWE-08, HWE-09, EE-08, and EE-09 expressed strong thrombin inhibitory activity, which was comparable to the antithrombosis activity of aspirin. In addition, EE-06 and HWE-08 exhibited strong aggregation inhibitory activities against human platelets. The results suggest that extract from hamcho harvested in particular periods and prepared using a defined solvent has strong potential as a novel food ingredient and an antioxidant and antithrombosis agent.

Extracts of Allium fistulosum Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Action in the Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglia Cells (Lipopolysaccharide에 의한 BV2 세포의 염증 반응에 대한 파 추출물의 저해 활성)

  • Park, Shin-Hyoung;Kim, Jung-In;Jeong, Yong-Kee;Choi, Yung-Hyun
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.796-804
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    • 2011
  • Microglia are central nervous system (CNS)-resident professional macrophages that function as the principal immune cells responding to pathological stimulations in the CNS. Activation of microglia, induced by various pathogens, protects neurons and maintains homeostasis in the CNS, but severe activation causes inflammatory responses secreting various neurotoxic molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Allium fistulosum, a member of the onion family, is mainly cultivated for consumption, as well as medicinal use in Oriental medicine. It has been reported that A. fistulosum has various biological effects such as anti-oxidant, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-fungus and anti-cholesterol synthesis, however there has been no research about the anti-inflammatory effects of A. fistulosum extracts. In this study, it was undertaken to explore the functions of A. fistulosum as a suppressor of neuronal inflammation by using BV2 microglia cells. As a result, it was found that four kinds of extracts of A. fistulosum effectively reduced the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both mRNA and protein levels, and also attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at the mRNA level in BV2 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the extracts of A. fistulosum attenuated the release of NO markedly, as well as resulting in slight decreases of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 production, the effects of which were most significant when treated with ethyl alcohol extract from the whole A. fistulosum. In conclusion, the data indicated that the anti-inflammatory actions of A. fistulosum against BV2 microglia cells is through the down-regulation of iNOS, COX2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, and these effects are expected to help in the protection of nerve tissues by suppressions of neuronal inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antithrombin, and Antioxidant Activity of Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel (패모(Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel)의 항균,항혈전 및 항산화 활성 평가)

  • Shin, Yong-Kyu;Jang, Han-Su;Kim, Jee-In;Sohn, Ho-Yong
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.19 no.9
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    • pp.1245-1250
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    • 2009
  • Beimu (Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel), a bulbous plant of Liliaceae found in Korea, Japan and China, has been used as an antitussive and expectorant agent, and is also useful in alleviating stonsillitis and bronchiolitis. Most researches have been focused on micro-propagation and plant regeneration, component analysis, and dormancy relieving of beimu. Reports regarding the biological activity of beimu, such as anti-Helicobacter pyroli or platelet aggregation inhibition activity, are few and not widely available. In this study, methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared from Fritillaria thunbergii Miquel and their antimicrobial, antithrombin, and antioxidant activities were evaluated, respectively. The methanol extract contained lots of water-soluble materials (58.98%) and hexane-soluble oils (14.85%). The ethylacetate and butanol fraction at $500{\mu}g$/disc concentration showed strong antibacterial activity against tested bacteria, except Escherichia coli. Antifungal activity was not observed in methanol extract and its fractions. The hexane, ethylacetate and butanol fractions showed strong antithrombin activity at 4.8 mg/ml concentration. Especially, the ethylacetate fraction showed 95.4 sec of thrombin time at a concentration of 1.2 mg/ml, which is comparable to aspirin, a widely used antithrombosis agent. For antioxidation activity, the ethylacetate and butanol fraction showed good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ of $344{\sim}368{\mu}g$/ml). In superoxide dismutase-like activity and reducing power, the fractions showed $20{\sim}25%$ of vitamin C, and $51{\sim}54%$ of butyl hydroxytoluene, respectively.

Characterization of Homocysteine ${\gamma}$-Lyase from Submerged and Solid Cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus ASH (JX006238)

  • El-Sayed, Ashraf S.;Khalaf, Salwa A.;Aziz, Hani A.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.499-510
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    • 2013
  • Among 25 isolates, Aspergillus fumigatus ASH (JX006238) was identified as a potent producer of homocysteine ${\gamma}$-lyase. The nutritional requirements to maximize the enzyme yield were optimized under submerged (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions, resulting in a 5.2- and 2.3-fold increase, respectively, after the last purification step. The enzyme exhibited a single homogenous band of 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE, along with an optimum pH of 7.8 and pH stability range of 6.5 to 7.8. It also showed a pI of 5.0, as detected by pH precipitation with no glycosyl residues. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at $37-40^{\circ}C$, with a $T_m$ value of $70.1^{\circ}C$. The enzyme showed clear catalytic and thermal stability below $40^{\circ}C$, with $T_{1/2}$ values of 18.1, 9.9, 5.9, 3.3, and 1.9 h at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Additionally, the enzyme $K_r$ values were 0.002, 0.054, 0.097, 0.184, and 0.341 $S^{-1}$ at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme displayed a strong affinity to homocysteine, followed by methionine and cysteine when compared with non-S amino acids, confirming its potency against homocysteinuria-related diseases, and as an anti-cardiovascular agent and a specific biosensor for homocysteinuria. The enzyme showed its maximum affinity for homocysteine ($K_m$ 2.46 mM, $K_{cat}\;1.39{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$), methionine ($K_m$ 4.1 mM, $K_{cat}\;0.97{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$), and cysteine ($K_m$ 4.9 m M, $K_{cat}\;0.77{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$). The enzyme was also strongly inhibited by hydroxylamine and DDT, confirming its pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) identity, yet not inhibited by EDTA. In vivo, using Swiss Albino mice, the enzyme showed no detectable negative effects on platelet aggregation, the RBC number, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or creatinine titer when compared with negative controls.

Functional Properties of Water Extracts from Different Parts of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (오가피 부위별 열수 추출액의 기능적 특성)

  • Choi, Jae-Myoung;Kim, Kwang-Yup;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Ahn, Jun-Bae
    • Food Engineering Progress
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.130-135
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    • 2011
  • Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (A. sessiliflorus) has been known as a traditional medicine having anti-stress, antioxidative and platelet aggregation inhibitory effects. This study was undertaken to investigate the functional properties of water extracts from four parts of A. sessiliflorus. Root, stem, leaf and fruit extracts from A. sessiliflorus were prepared with hot water ($80^{\circ}C$). The contents of functional substances, eleutheroside B and E, polyphenol, antioxidative activity, nitrite scavenging ability and anti-cancer activity of the extracts were determined. The contents of eleutheroside E in stem, root and fruit extracts were 542.50 ${\mu}$g/g, 343.35 ${\mu}$g/g and 30.78 ${\mu}$g/g, respectively. A large part of eleutheroside B was found in fruit (372.01 ${\mu}$g/g) and root (289.33 ${\mu}$g/g) extracts. Root and stem extracts contained 227.21 mg/100g and 131.22 mg/100g of polyphenols, respectively. Antioxidative activities (electron donating ability) of stem and root extracts were 79.87% and 77.27%, respectively. It appears that the antioxidative activities were related to polyphenol contents of the extracts. Most extracts showed 76-81.5% of nitrite scavenging ability at pH 1.2. It reveals that water extract from parts of A. sessiliflorus can inhibit formation of nitrosoamine in food. Effects of the extracts on the growth of normal and cancer cell lines were investigated. Extracts showed no cytotoxicity to normal dendritic cell line (DC2.4). Especially, the root extract promoted the growth of normal cell line. Root and stem extracts had 20-23% of inhibitory effect against stomach cancer cell line (SNU-719) and liver cancer cell line (Hep3B). These result indicated that the extracts from A. sessiliflorus can be used as functional food materials with antioxidative activity and nitrite scavenging ability to eliminate nitrosoamine in food.

LONG TERM GINSENG EFFECTS ON HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN MAN WITH FURTHER STUDY OF ITS ACTIONS ON ATHEROGENESIS AND FATTY LIVER IN RATS (사람의 과지혈증과 동맥경화 및 흰쥐 지방간에 미치는 인삼의 장기복용 효과 연구)

  • Yamamoto Masahiro;Kumagai Akira
    • Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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    • 1984.09a
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 1984
  • In the previous symposium, authors reported about anti-atherogenic action of Panax ginseng, saying that red-ginseng powder increased serum HDL-cholesterol, decreased total cholesterol, TG, NEFA, in addition, decreased platelet adhesiveness. Later, Toyama group including me. reported that ginsenosides esp. $Rb_2$ enhanced HDL and decreased LDL. Also Matsuyama group and Kinki Univ. group reported that ginsenosides $Rg_1,\;Rb_2,$ etc. inhibited platelet aggregation. This paper will be divided into two parts: Experimental and clinical Experimental study; Using a highcholesterol-cholic acid-fed rats, effects of red ginseng extract and several ginsenosides on serum apoprotein-lipoproteins in relation to prostaglandins. Rats received $2\%$ cholesterol 1-1$\%$ cholic acid diet, ginseng extract or ginsenosides 2.5mg/100g/day for 9 days. Red ginseng extract, ginsenosides $Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rb_1,\;and\;Rg_1,\;esp.\;Rb_2,$ increased HDL, apo-AI, Aii and $PGI_2,$ while they decreased LDL, apo-B and $TXA_2$. Clinical study: Effect of red ginseng powder on hyperlipidemia was observed. Long term administration of red ginseng powder manufactured by Office of Monopoly, Republic of Korea and offered by Japan-Korea Korean Ginseng Co., Kobe, at the dose of 2.7 g/day, was performed in patients with hyperlipidemia up to 4 years. The significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol and also the significant decrease in total cholesterol, atherogenic index, TG, NEFA and lipoperoxide was observed with 3-48 month administration of red ginseng. Conclusions: Red ginseng and ginsenosides improved hyperlipidemia in rats and in man, with the improvement of blood apoproteins, lipoproteins and prostaglandins in experimental hyperlipidemic animals.

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The Effect of Eisenia bicyclis Extracts on Antioxidant Activity and Serum Lipid Level in Ovariectomized Rats (대황 추출물의 in vitro 항산화 활성 및 난소를 절제한 흰쥐의 혈중 지질함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Yong Soo;Kim, Mihyang
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.22 no.10
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    • pp.1407-1414
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    • 2012
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an effective regimen that has been found to prevent these diseases in postmenopausal women. However, HRT is accompanied by an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Eisenia Bicyclis extract on lipids in ovariectomized rats. Fifty 7-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON), and ovariectomized rats that were treated with Eisenia bicyclis extracts. The extract-treated diets were fed to the rats for 6 weeks after operation. Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract increased in a dose-dependent manner and was about 55.9% in a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. We measured the total cholesterol content, triglyceride content, HDL-cholesterol content, LDL-cholesterol content, atherosclerotic index, cardiac risk factor in serum, and anti-platelet aggregation and blood rheology. The total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum increased for the OVX-control group, but supplementation with the E. bicyclis extract caused these factors to decrease. Notably, the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in the OVX-EB200 group was significantly lower than the OVX-CON group. In addition, the blood passage times in rats that received the E. bicyclis extract were more rapid than the times in the untreated group (OVX-CON). Microscopic evaluation revealed that whole blood passed more smoothly through the microchannels in rats in the E. bicyclis extract supplement groups. Our results clarified the effects of E. bicyclis extract on serum lipid content in ovariectomized rats, and consequently we expect positive effects from providing E. bicyclis extract to postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease.

The Comparative Understanding between Red Ginseng and White Ginsengs, Processed Ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) (홍삼과 백삼의 비교 고찰)

  • Nam, Ki-Yeul
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2005
  • Ginseng Radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been used in Eastern Asia for 2000 years as a tonic and restorative, promoting health and longevity. Two varieties are commercially available: white ginseng(Ginseng Radix Alba) is produced by air-drying the root, while red ginseng(Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the root followed by drying. These two varieties of different processing have somewhat differences by heat processing between them. During the heat processing for preparing red ginseng, it has been found to exhibit inactivation of catabolic enzymes, thereby preventing deterioration of ginseng quality and the increased antioxidant-like substances which inhibit lipid peroxide formation, and also good gastro-intestinal absorption by gelatinization of starch. Moreover, studies of changes in ginsenosides composition due to different processing of ginseng roots have been undertaken. The results obtained showed that red ginseng differ from white ginseng due to the lack of acidic malonyl-ginsenosides. The heating procedure in red ginseng was proved to degrade the thermally unstable malonyl-ginsenoside into corresponding netural ginsenosides. Also the steaming process of red ginseng causes degradation or transformation of neutral ginsenosides. Ginsenosides $Rh_2,\;Rh_4,\;Rs_3,\;Rs_4\;and\;Rg_5$, found only in red ginseng, have been known to be hydrolyzed products derived from original saponin by heat processing, responsible for inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also formed in red ginseng and was shown to exhibit vasorelaxation properties, antimetastatic activities, and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Recently, steamed red ginseng at high temperature was shown to provide enhance the yield of ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rg_5$ characteristic of red ginseng Additionally, one of non-saponin constituents, panaxytriol, was found to be structually transformed from polyacetylenic alcohol(panaxydol) showing cytotoxicity during the preparation of red ginseng and also maltol, antioxidant maillard product, from maltose and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, amino acid derivative, from arginine and maltose. In regard to the in vitro and in vivo comparative biological activities, red ginseng was reported to show more potent activities on the antioxidant effect, anticarcinogenic effect and ameliorative effect on blood circulation than those of white ginseng. In oriental medicine, the ability of red ginseng to supplement the vacancy(허) was known to be relatively stronger than that of white ginseng, but very few are known on its comparative clinical studies. Further investigation on the preclinical and clinical experiments are needed to show the differences of indications and efficacies between red and white ginsengs on the basis of oriental medicines.