• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 2009

Adipocytes undergo adipocyte stress in the excessive presence of lipid. Adipocyte stress accompanies the typical signs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress: unfolded protein response and overexpression of molecular chaperones. Apoptotic induction in adipocytes is known as a good strategy for treating obesity. The drug "tunicamycin" was tested for its therapeutic potential in inducing apoptosis on differentiating adipocytes of 3T3-L1. When the 3T3-L1 cells, stimulated for adipogenesis, were treated with tunicamycin, they showed typical ER stress symptoms. Despite progression in ER stress, however, the differentiated 3T3-L1 hardly proceeded to apoptosis based on the CHOP protein expression and FACS analysis. This is very different from C2C12, the myogenic counterpart of 3T3-L1, which showed significant apoptosis along with ER stress. This study also characterizes a potential mechanism whereby adipocyte may avoid apoptosis to sustain the pathological state of obesity. The level of GRP94 expression significantly upholds in 3T3-L1 under tunicamycin treatment compared to preadipocytes and C2C-12. When GRP94 expression was inhibited by siRNA, 3T3-L1 showed a higher level of CHOP expression compared to C2C12 cells. In conclusion, adipocytes exert an anti-apoptotic mechanism under ER stress caused by tunicamycin; thus, apoptotic induction in adipocyte is not a viable anti-obesity option. The unusual level of GRP94 may serve as a key role whereby adipocytes reach to the obesity level circumventing the apoptosis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1292-1298
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities of Ligularia stenocephala (L. stenocephala) extract. The contents of the total polyphenol of the extract was 55.950 mg GAE/g residue. Antioxidant activities of L. stenocephala were evaluated by free radical scavenging ability and a reducing power test. 2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ${\alpha}$-${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of the extract were approximately 90% and 70%, respectively. Reducing power of the extract was 258.833 mg TE/g residue. The anti-adipogenic activity of L. stenocephala extract was examined in 3T3-L1 cells. During adipocyte differentiation, the 3T3-L1 cells were treated both with and without the extract. L. stenocephala extract suppressed the lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner in the 3T3-L1 cells. The L. stenocephala extract inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) proteins, compared with control adipocytes. These results indicate that L. stenocephala could be regarded as a potential source natural antioxidant and an anti-obesity agent.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2022

In this study, in order to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of sargassum horneri extract, the effects of the extract on lipase activity and preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. S. horneri extract between 0.0 and 1.0 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity and inhibited lipase activity by 68.1%. When S. horneri extract was utilized at levels of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL in 3T3-L1 cells, preadipocytes differentiation decreased by 11.4, 19.7, and 25.6%, respectively, showing anti-obesity effects. In addition, after treatment with 1.0 mg/mL S. horneri extract, the mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (CEBP-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) in 3T3-L1 cells were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by 65.2, 54.9, 50.0, 33.8, and 33.8% respectively. These results showed that S. horneri extract suppresses lipase activity and prophylactic preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1, and thus can be used as an anti-obesity agent in functional foods and medicines.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.385-389
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• 2022

In this study, we measured the inhibitory activity of Pinus densiflora leaf (PDL) against excessive lipid accumulation in mouse preadipocyte, 3T3-L1 cells to investigate whether PDL exerts anti-obesity activity. Lipid accumulation and the protein level were measured using Oil red O staining assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. We observed that PDL inhibited excessive lipid accumulation and decreased the expression of CEBPα, PPARγ and perilipin-1 related to lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, considering these results, PDL can be used as a potential agent for anti-obesity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.790-796
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• 2004

Ginseng is a shade-loving perennial herb that is cultivated mainly in Korea, Japan, and China. The ginseng root has been used as a tonic remedy, and its antidiabetic activity has been demonstrated as early as 1920s. Although wild ginseng was anecdotally thought to be superior to cultivated ginseng as far as pharmacological properties were concerned, there have been no prior reports on the antidiabetic effect of wild ginseng. In this study, we investigated the preventative anti-diabetic and anti-obese effects of wild ginseng ethanol extract (WGEE). In the preventive experiment, WGEE co-administered with a high fat diet significantly inhibited body weight gain, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in a dose dependent manner. WGEE-treated mice at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg improved the insulin resistance index by 55％ and 61％ compared to the high fat diet (HFD) control, respectively. Diameters of white and brown adipocytes were also decreased by 62％ and 46％ in the WG500-treated group compared to those in HFD fed control mice. Taken together, WGEE has potential as a preventive agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (and possibly obesity) and deserves clinical trial in the near future.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

Objective : Plantago asiatica L. has been used for many years in Korea, China, and Japan for the treatment of many diseases such as anti-inflammatory, anti-asthma and diuretic. But the anti-obesity effect of Plantaginis asiaticae Folium has not been studied yet. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the anti-obesity efficacy of Plantaginis asiaticae Folium water extract (PAF) in high fat diet-induced obesity animal model. Method : Male, five-weeks old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups; ND (normal diet + 0.9% saline), HFD (high-fat diet + 0.9% saline), PC (high-fat diet + Garcinia cambogia 500 mg/kg), PAF 100, 300 (high-fat diet + PAF 100, 300 mg/kg. Treatments were performed daily for 6 weeks per os. We evaluated the changes of body weight, white adipose tissues weight, hepatic and fecal lipids level, pancreatic lipase activity and lipid profiles in plasma. Result : Body weights, adipose tissue weights and FER were significantly lower in mice fed the high-fat diet with PAF treatment than in mice fed the high-fat diet alone. In plasma, TG, TC, LDL-C, ATS and ALT levels significantly decreased in PAF groups compared with HFD group. Also, hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels decreased and fecal TG increased in PAF groups compared to HFD group. In addition, the activity of pancreatic lipase was decreased in the PAF groups compared to that of HFD group. Conclusion: These results suggest PAF extract is effective in preventing and improvement obesity, so it might be a potential and safe material for anti-obesity agent of weight control or functional supplements.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2015

In this study, the potential capacity of the crude extract and its solvent fractions from S. siliquanstrum against adipocyte differentiation were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The anti-adipogenic effect of S. siliquanstrum was evidenced by the fact that its crude extract decreases the lipid accumulation of differentiating cells and the expression levels of crucial adipogenesis markers, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$. All solvent fractions except the water fraction showed an observable decrease in lipid accumulation and $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ expressions. In conclusion, these results suggest that S. siliquanstrum possesses obesity inhibiting components, which may possibly be used as a valuable anti-obesity agent for reducing the risk of obesity.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

The ami of our study was on the anti-obesity effect of ethanol extract from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim root (TKM) in murine adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells. This study focused on anti-adipogenic activity through inhibition of cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells treated TKM. 100 ug/ml of non-cytotoxic TEM remarkablely inhibited content of triglycerol and suppressed expressions of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}a$ and SREBP-1c related with lipogenic transcription factors in theres 3T3-L1 cells compared to (-)control cells. As phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC were incerased, HSL and CPT-1 mRNA expression increased upon TKM treatment, which involved in inhibition of fatty acid synthase expression. In conclusion, these results indicate that TKM can inhibit mRNA and protein expression of lipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our study suggests that TKM has potential anti-obesity effects and is a convergence therapeutic functional agent with anti-adipogenic activity via hypolipogenesis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2016

It has been generally accepted that obesity and overweight are associated with metabolic diseases and cancer incidence. In fact, obesity increased risks of cancers i.e. breast, liver, pancreatic and prostate. Celastrol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Thunder god vine, was used as a Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, lupus erythematosus and Alzheimer's disease. Also, celastrol has various biological properties of chemo-preventive, neuro-protective, and anti-oxidant effects. Recent studies demonstrated that celastrol has anti-proliferation effects in different type of obesity-related cancers and suppresses tumor progression and metastasis. Anticancer effects of celastrol include regulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, heat shock protein, JNK, VEGF, CXCR4, Akt/mTOR, MMP-9 and so on. For these reasons, celastrol has shown to be a promising anti-tumor agent. In this review, we will address the anticancer activities and multiple mechanisms of celastrol in obesity-related cancers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1645-1653
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• 2018

The genus Acer contains several species with various bioactivities including antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. However, Acer okamotoanum Nakai, one species within this genus has not been fully studied yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-adipogenic activities of leaf extract from A. okamotoanum Nakai (LEAO) on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Adipogenesis is one of the cell differentiation processes, which converts preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Nowadays, inhibition of adipogenesis is considered as an effective strategy in the field of anti-obesity research. In this study, we observed that LEAO decreased the accumulation of lipid droplets during adipogenesis and down-regulated the expression of key adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR ${\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ (C/EBP ${\alpha}$). In addition, LEAO inactivated PI3K/Akt signaling and its downstream factors that promote adipogenesis by inducing the expression of PPAR ${\gamma}$. LEAO also activated ${\beta}$-catenin signaling, which prevents the adipogenic program by suppressing the expression of PPAR ${\gamma}$. Therefore, we found that treatment with LEAO is effective for attenuating adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Consequently, these findings suggest that LEAO has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for preventing obesity.