• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 1997

The ethylacetate fraction of the overground portion of Polygonum aviculare L. exhibited the anti-lipid peroxidation and the liver protective effect in intoxicated rats. Through silica gel chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction monitered by bioassay, two flavonoids, avicularin and juglanin were isolated as active components. Avicularin and juglanin remarkablely inhibited the lipid peroxidation of rat liver induced by 50% ethanol. Especially avicularin exhibited the stronger anti-lipid peroxidation effect than juglanin. Avicularin as a main principle of Polygonum aviculare L. significantly exhibited liver protective activities by decreasing s-GOT and s-LDH levels which represent for the hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ in rats. In addition, avicularin significantly decreased not only s-LDH but also s-bilirubin levels in intoxicated rat induced by ${\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate\;(ANIT)$. These results suggest that avicularin has the protective effects against the hepatoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ and ANIT in rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.347-352
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• 2007

The protective effects of Rubus coreanum Miquel (RCM) extract against LPS-induced hepatotoxicity were studied in rats. Squrague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered the RCM at 100 mg/kg per day for three weeks. Then single dose of LPS (5 mg/kg) was injected into rats. Four hours later, they were anesthesized with ether and dissected. We examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sera, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mitochondrial fraction and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver homogenate. LPS-treatment markedly increased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and significantly decreased those of SOD, CAT and GPx. But RCM-pretreatment decreased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH by 57.9%, 37.4%, 62% and 69% respectively and increased those of SOD, CAT and GPx by 82.9%, 64.2% and 96.7% respectively. Subsequently, the protective effects of RCM was evaluated through histopathological examination of liver tissue. The LPS treatment increased the state of necrosis and cirrhosis surrounding the central veins (CV) and sinusoid, but RCM-treatment decreased the state of necrosis and cirrhosis in the liver tissue. These results demonstrated that protective effects of RCM against LPS-induced hepatotoxicity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.63-78
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was carried out to know the effects of Gwan-Jul-Bang-7 (hereafter referred to GJB-7) on the inhibition of arthritis induced by collagen on the mouse. Methods: To assess the effects of GJB-7 on mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II, we conducted several experiments such as analysis of cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, total cell number of draining lymph nodes and paw joints, value of immunocyte in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell), DLN (draining lymph node) and paw joint, measurement of cytokine and anti-collagen II, observation of the histological changes of joint. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against HFC (human fibroblast cells) was not observed in any concentration and hepatotoxicity was not observed in the GJB-7 treated group. 2. The incidence of arthritis significantly decreased. 3. Total cell number of draining lymph nodes significantly increased and total cell number of paw joints significantly decreased. 4. The percentage of $CD8^+$ cells in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) significantly increased. The percentage of $CD3^+/CD69^+$, and $CD3^+/CD49b^+$ cells in PBMC significantly decreased. 5. The percentage of $CD19^+,\;CD3^+$, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells in DLN (draining lymph nodes) significantly increased. The percentage of $B220^+/CD23^+$ cells in DLN significantly decreased. 6. The percentage of $CD3^+,\;CD4^+$, and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in paw joints significantly decreased. 7. The production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, and MCP-1 significantly decreased. 8. Anti-collagen II in serum significantly decreased. 9. With the hematoxylin and eosin stain, inflammation of joint decreased. Under Masson's trichrome stain, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation and the expression of collagen fibers decreased. Conclusions: Comparison of the results for this study showed that GJB-7 had immunomodulatory effects. So we expect that GJB-7 could be used as an effective drug for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.376-383
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• 2015

Background: Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against $\small{D}$-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results: Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.574-581
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• 1996

The study was initiated to elucidate the protective mechanism by examining in vivo effect of some marine natural products, Styela plicata, Ecklonia stolonifera and Pachymeniopsis elliptica on acetaminophen-induced lipid peroxidation. The methanol extract of S. plicata prevented acetaminophen (800mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats as evidenced by the decreased formation of lipid peroxide. But the methanol extracts of E. stolonifera and P. elliptica were not affected on the formation of lipid peroxidation. The activities of cytochrome P-450, animopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were not changed by the treatment with S. plicata in comparison with acetaminophen-teated group. In acetaminophen-treated control rats, the glutathione S-transferase activity was decreased markably. However. in S. plicata pretreated group, the effect caused by acetaminophen was markably reduced. A-cetaminophen decreased the level of hepatic, glutathione, which was restored to same degree by S. plicata pretreatment. And activity of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcystein synthetase was not changed by S. plicata pretreatment, but the activity of glutathione reductase was increased significantly.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.302-312
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• 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of black tea extract (BTE) on collagen -induced platelet aggregation. In this study, BTE (10~500 ㎍/mL) was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation via thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) down-regulation by blocking cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity. Also, BTE decreased intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization ([Ca²⁺]_i). Additionally, BTE enhanced the levels of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are aggregation-inhibiting molecules. BTE inhibited the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC) γ2 and syk activated by collagen. BTE regulated platelet aggregation via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser¹⁵⁷. The anti-platelet effects of BTE in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were evaluated. After eight weeks of BTE treatment (300 and 600 mg/kg), the platelet aggregation rate in the treated groups was significantly less than that in the HFD-fed control group. Also, BTE exhibited a hepatoprotective effect and did not exert hepatotoxicity. Therefore, these data suggest that BTE has anti-platelet effects on collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of platelet-mediated thrombotic diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2019

Hydrogen sulfide is well-known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities, and also has protective effects in the liver. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide in rats with hepatic encephalopathy, which was induced by mild bile duct ligation. In this rat model, bile ducts were mildly ligated for 26 days. Rats were treated for the final 5 days with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). NaHS ($25{\mu}mol/kg$), 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or silymarin (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once per day for 5 consecutive days. Mild bile duct ligation caused hepatotoxicity and inflammation in rats. Intraperitoneal NaHS administration reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which are indicators of liver disease, compared to levels in the control mild bile duct ligation group. Levels of ammonia, a major causative factor of hepatic encephalopathy, were also significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, catalase, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ levels were measured to confirm antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors with neurotoxic activity were assessed for subunit NMDA receptor subtype 2B. Based on these data, NaHS is suggested to exhibit hepatoprotective effects and guard against neurotoxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.417-424
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the polysaccharide (GLP) obtained from the liquid cultured Ganoderma lucidum on the lipidperoxidation in a rat liver microsome and hepatotoxicity in the primary cultured rat hepatocytes. It is well known that the polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidum exhibits hepatoprotective activity, antitumor activity etc., which many suggest a relationship to lipidperoxidation. The effect of GLP on $CCl_4-$ and galactosamineintoxicated cytotoxicity in the primary cultured rat hepatocytes were reduced the GPT value. In order to the estimate the effects of anti-lipidperoxidation of the polysaccharide, enzymatic and nonenzymatic reaction assays were performed, in vitro, in the rat liver microsome. An enzymatic lipidperoxidation reaction by $ADP+FeCl_3+NADPH$ and $CCl_4+NADPH$, GLP (1 mg/mL) inhibited 77.4% and 39.4%, respectively, and the nonenzymatic reaction displayed a 97.4% strongly inhibition. In the enzymatic and nonenzymatic inducers treated with GLP, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) progressively decreased by raising the GLP concentration. These results suggest that the anti-lipidperoxidation and radical scavenging activity of GLP may play an important part in the liver protection action.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.222-226
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of Paeoniae Radix Extract(PRE) against the acute hepatotoxicity-inducing lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in the liver. PRE of 100 mg/kg concentration was intraperitoneally administered into rats at dose of 1.5 ml/kg for 20 days. On day 21, 5 mg/kg of LPS dissolved in saline was injected 4 hours before anesthetization. We examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GPT), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum of rats, superoxide dismutase(SOD) in mitochondrial fractions, and malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) in liver homogenates. LPS-treatment markedly increased the levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and MDA, and significantly decreased those of SOD, CAT and GPx. But PRE-pretreatment decreased the levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and MDA, by 59.7%, 43.6%, 59.6% and 63.5%, respectively and increased those of SOD, CAT and GPx, by 85.5%, 57.8% and 62.9%, respectively. These results showed that the PRE had the preventive effects against the acute hepatotoxicity-inducing LPS in the liver.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1104-1108
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigated the effects of Laminaria japonica fucoidan extract (LJFE) through the enzymatic regulation against the hepatotoxicity-inducing carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ in LJFE and $CCl_4-treated$ rats. LJFE of 100mg/kg concentration was intraperitoneally administered into rats at dose of 1.5m11kg for 14 days. On the day 15, 3.3ml/kg of $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (1:1) was injected 12 hours before anesthetization. We examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in serum of rats, superoxide dismutase(SOD) in mitochondrial fraction, and catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) in liver homogenate. $CCl_4-treatment$ markedly increased the levels of GOT and GPT, and significantly decreased those of SOD, CAT and GPx. But LIFE pretreatment decreased the levels of GOT and GPT, by 40% and 64%, respectively and increased those of SOD, CAT and GPx, by 114%, 36.1% and 55.9%, respectively These results showed the LIFE had the enzymatic regulatory effects against the hepatotoxicity-inducing $CCl_4$ in the preventive way.