• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

Anthers from several lines of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were plated on the semi-solid B$_{5}$, basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D and NAA at two concentrations, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L plus 0.2 mg/L BAP (benzylaminop-urine). Anthers of the most lines on the B$_{5}$ basal medium with 2,4-D showed higher percentages of callus formation than those with NAA. Particularly, in line 45477, highest percentages of callus formation (50%) were observed on B$_{5}$ medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D plus 0.2 mg/L BAP. With 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, two months was sufficient for initiation of callus development. Calli were regenerated into plantlets through embryogenesis onto regeneration medium without any growth regulators. When callus showing yellowish and soft structure was cultured, it yielded green plants at high regeneration rates, The response of anthers in callus induction and plant regeneration was different among lines investigated. Optimal callus induction and plant regeneration could be obtained through manipulating the concentration of growth regulators. Plantlets after transfer to perlite were grown successfully in greenhouse conditions. Anther culture of carrot will be used as a useful breeding tool in future.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.365-368
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• 2003

Variations of agronomic traits were evaluated on the progenies of regenerated rice plants of different callus origin and subculture period. From eighty-eight percent to ninety percents of ovary culture-derived plants (OCP) and anther culture-derived plants (ACP) were not segregated within the lines in major agronomic characters. Compare to ACP and OCP lines, the seed culture derived lines (SCP) showed more segregation (17％) in major agronomic traits among the lines. The most frequent segregating traits were grain fertility (6.1％) in ACP, leaf color (4.2％) in OCP and grain fertility (4.9％) and leaf color (4.9％) in SCP lines. The SCP line showed more variation in culm length, panicle length and heading date than those of OCP and ACP lines. The variation of agronomic traits in SCP lines was tended to increase with prolonged subculture. Culm and panicle length were shorter than those of original cultivar in all three types of tissue culture-derived lines (OCP, ACP and SCP).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2010

An intensive study of the embryology of Gymnospermium microrrhynchum was conducted to provide information regarding a discussion of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, which is yet unstudied. Our results indicated that Gymnospermium is similar to other genera of Berberidaceae in terms of its embryological features. Nevertheless, newly reported and unique features are the well-developed endothelium and the undifferentiated seed coat type. Until the study of Gymnospermium, it may have been considered to be closer to Caulophyllum and Leontice in the tribe Leonticeae. These three genera share many morphological features as well as molecular similarities, by which they are kept in the same tribe, Leonticeae. However, very little detailed embryological data regarding these genera have been published thus far. Gymnospermium was characterized according to the basic type of anther wall formation as well as its glandular tapetum, successive cytokinesis in the microspore mother cell, two-celled mature pollen grains, anatropous and crassinucellate ovules with a nucellar cap, well-developed endothelium, its Polygonum type of embryo sac formation, its nuclear type of endosperm formation, and its undifferentiated seed coat type. In comparison with Nandina, there are many differences, such as the dehiscence of the anther, the cytokinesis in the microspore mother cells, the shape of the megaspore dyad, and the seed characteristics. Although we had no available detailed embryological information regarding Caulophyllum and Leontice, which are genera that are more closely related to Gymnospermium, we could deduce from the phylogenetic relationship that Gymnospermium, Caulophyllum, and Leontice are more closely related to each other than other genera of Berberidaceae on the basis of the seed characteristics.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.60-69
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• 2001

Objective : Recent studies Suggested that there is a strong correlation between acupuncture stimulation and its related cortical activation. Anther study showed that either positive or negative BOLD effects could be observed depending on anatomical structure in acupuncture. Material and Methods : 1) Subjects and paradigms : Two separate stimulation paradigms were performed on five healthy (aged 22-23 yrs) in this study. First, the paradigm of acupuncture stimulation was that the acupuncture needle was inserted in acupoints KI6(照海), which is located in lateral side of the foot and then continuously twisted(補瀉를 除外한 捻轉法) for 70 seconds for 10 cycles of activation. During rest period (70 seconds), the needle was completed removed from acupoint. Total 60 cycles were performed and 10 images were obtained per cycle. Second, non-acupoint was randomly selected and the same paradigm was performed as acupoint stimulation. The stimulation protocol comprised 10 cycles of alternating activation and rest (10 images per cycle). Total 60 cycles were performed and each cycle take about 1.5 sec for motor task. Subjects take an at least 15 minutes break before starting anther paradigm. Conclusion : In this study, I investigated a new acupoint KI6(照海) which was known as motor - related acupoint and obtained an evidence that the stimulation of KI6(照海) resulted in negative BOLD response to stimulation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.177-186
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• 2004

Introduction : Recent studies Suggested that there is a strong correlation between acupuncture stimulation and its related cortical activation. Anther study showed that either positive or negative BOLD effects could be observed depending on anatomical structure in acupuncture stimulation. In ttis study, we investigated a new acupoint $KI_6$ (照海), which was known as motor-related acupoint and obtained an evidence that the stimulation of $KI_6$ resulted in either negative or positive BOLD response to stimulation. Methods & Results : 1. Subjects and paradigms : Two separate stimulation paradigms were performed on five healthy (aged 22-23 yrs) in this study. First, the paradigm of acupuncture stimulation was that the acupuncture needle was inserted in acupoints $KI_6$, which is located in lateral side of the foot and then continuously twisted(補瀉를 除外한 捻轉法) for 70 seconds for 10 cycles of activation. During rest period (70 seconds), the needle was completed removed from acupoint. Total 60 cycles were performed and 10 images were obtained per cycle. Second, nonacupoint was randomly selected and the same paradigm was performed as acupoint stimulation. The stimulation protocol comprised 10 cycles of alternating. activation and rest (10 images per cycle). Total 60 cycles were performed and each cycle take about 1.5 sec for motor task. Subjects take an at least 15 minutes break before starting anther paradigm. 2. fMRI mapping : Multi-slice functional images were obtained on a 1.5T Magnetom Vision MRI scanner (Simens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with high performance whole-body gradients. The BOLD T2 * - weighted images were acquired with acho planar imaging sequence (TR = 1.2 sec, TE = 60 msec, and flip angle = $90_{\circ}$). The other sequence parameter are : FOV = 210 mm, matrix=$64{\times}128$ or $64{\times}64$, slice number=10 and slice thickness = 5 or 8 mm. the anatomic images were obtained with Spin-echo T1-weighted images. The resulting images were then anaiyzed with STIMULATE (CMRR, U. of Minnesota) to generate functional maps using a student T-test (p < 0.005) and cluster analysis. Both positive and negative response were evaluated. Conclusions : We have observed the activation of the motor cortex by stimulating motor-related acupoint ($KI_6$). Among five subjects, negative BOLD response was shown in four and positive response in one. All subjects showed positive response to conventional finger flexion-extension task. To understand the detailed mechanisms of correlation between acupuncture stimulation and BOLD fMRI changes and two typs of response, further study strongly required.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.433-458
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• 2008

This study were examined for their external morphological characters such as root, leaf, inflorescenses, flower, stamen, pistil, and fruit as to Korean Thalictrum L. and discussed taxanomic value of characters, and made out a new key. This study confirmed that specialized stems and roots type were divided into fibrous type, fibrous having a tuber type, long fusiform tuberous type, tuberoid type, rhizome type and stolon type. The stem were divided into two types based on existence and nonexistence of striate or pubescent. Leaves were usually 2-3-ternately and was divided into three types based on leaf apex, leaf base and number of lobe. Inflorescenses were divided into two type; corymb, panicle. Flower is bisexual, and don't have petal. It was divided from existence and nonexistence of calyx when it flowering. Especially, the stamens were divided from anther shape and apex shape, degree of dilation of filament, epidermic shape of filament etc., and the pistils were divided from glandular on ovary, length of carpel stipe etc.. The fruit is a achene and it was divided from achene shape, achene rib or wings, achene stipe length. This study suggest that useful characters for identifying section are degree of dilation of filament, anther shape, achene rib and wings, degree of dilation of achene. Also, roots, leaf shape, stamen and pistil shape, achene beak and achene length, achene and leaf hair appear to be useful characters for identifying species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 1998

Anthers of three cross combinations of hot-pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were cultured on Dumas De Vaulx medium supplemented with some growth regulators. The embryo production efficiency and the diversity for agronomic traits in $A_2$ lines were investigated. The embryo production frequencies of hybrid combinations were ranged from 16.4% to 43.4%, the highest embryo induction combination was DGSH $\times$ C-NH with 43.4% embryogenic efficiency. Among total 275 $A_2$ lines, phenotypic variants were found in six lines, 2.1% variant frequency. The diversity of $A_2$ lines derived from anther culture was different according to the cross combinations. Fruit color was within parental range, no transgressive variation was observed. However leaf color showed transgressive variation. In fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight, one C-HC $\times$ DGSH and DGSH $\times$ C-NH showed great diversity compared with doner parents while Cheokjo 1 $\times$ C-NH crossed with Cheokjo 1 with big fruit shape showed small diversity. Stem length to 1st branch was relatively similer to or longer than donor parents. Stem thick exhibited remarkable diversity. Node number to 1st branch distributed alomost within the range of donor parents in C-HC $\times$ DGSH combination, however great transgressive variations were observed in DGSH $\times$ C-NH and Cheokjo 1 $\times$ C-NH combinations.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2008

This study was carried out to produce haploid plants to verify a systematic breeding program and genetic analysis. Effect of developmental stage of pollen grains and pre-treatment temperature on production of haploid plants was investigated. Microscopic investigation of the explants (Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'reamland' revealed that the length of flower bud at 23.0-24.9, 25.0-26.9, and 27.0-28.9 mm long coincided with tetrad, uninucleate, and binucleate, respectively. When the efficiency of the anther culture from microgametogenetic stages was tested, late uninucleate to early binucleate stage, having the length of 23.0 to 28.0 mm long flower bud, was the best. The frequencies of the callus induction and plant regeneration from the stage mentioned above were 17.8 and 6.7%, respectively. When calli were cultured on the MS medium containing picloram and zeatin at $25^{\circ}C$, shoots were obtained. Roots of regenerated plantlets were confirmed as haploid through an microscopic observation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.425-430
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• 1983

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) anthers collected from different genotypes were cultured to investigate the priority to increase callus production rate among several factors affecting on callus formation. Rice varieties, F$_1$ hybrids and F$_2$ plants differed greatly in their abilities to produce callus from anthers, and it was confirmed that the culturability of rice anther was a heritable characteristic. Cold shock treatment before plating anthers promoted callus formation rate, but combined effect with genotype having high culturability was more significant. The response to sucrose concentration in culture medium in callus induction rate was different between rice genotypes, but combined effect with genotype was not significant. Single supplement of NAA to R$_2$ medium increased callus production rate remarkably only in rice genotype having high culturability. Conclusively selection of genotypes is most important to increase callus initiation frequency from rice anthers.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.509-520
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• 1995

The effect of water extract of antler on serum level of female hormones was investigated in ovariectemized rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized(ox). After a further 40 days the animals were administrated with water extract of antler (625mg/kg daily) for 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively. Serum level of estradiol, progesterone, leutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were measured. Significant increase of serum estradiol level was elicited at 20 and 30 days after treatment with water extract of antler, respectively, Associated with the increase of serum estradiol level, there was a concomitant decrease in serum follicle stimulating hormone level. Serum progesterone level was also significantly increased at 30 days after treatment with water extract of antler. Although serum leutenizing hormone level of ox rats treated with water extract of anther was slightly lower than that of untreated ox rats, the decrease was not significant.