• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2016

This study aimed to isolate and characterize sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from Iridaea cordata and evaluate their anticancer activity. SPs of the Antarctic red seaweed were obtained by $CaCl_2$ (SP1) and ethanol precipitations (SP2) following diluted acid extraction at room temperature. Yields of SP1 and SP2 were approximately 14% and 23%, respectively, of the dry weight of red seaweed. The average molecular mass of the SP1 and SP2 was estimated about $1.84{\times}10^3$ and $1.42{\times}10^3kDa$, respectively, by size-fractionation High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). From the High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis, the main monosaccharide was galactose with glucose and fucose as minor components. The sulfate content of SP2 (40.4%) was slightly higher than that of SP1 (33.8%). The FT-IR spectra also showed characteristic band of carrageenan-like sulfated polysaccharides. Taken together the SPs are thought to be carrageenan-like sulfated galactan. The polysaccharides (SPs) from I. cordata exhibited weak antitumor activity against PC-3 (prostate cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma). To our knowledge, this is the first data on biological activity of the Antarctic red seaweed I. cordata.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.211-215
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• 1988

아황산염류는 표백, 살균, 간별 방지 및 황산화 등의 목적으로 식품첨가물로 많이 사용되고 있다. 이러한 아황산염류의 시험 방법은 우리나라 보사부의 공정시험으로 지정된 적정법과 비색법 이외도 GLC, HPLC, AAS 등을 이용한 많은 분석방법들이 연구되어 왔으나 그 정밀도, 검출한계, 안정성 등에 많은 문제가 있다. 이에 저자 등은 IC를 이용하여 아황산염류를 신속하고 정확하게 정량할 수 있는 방법을 모색하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) I.C를 이용하여 $SO_2^{-2}$로서 0.2ppm까지 검출할 수 있었으며 분석기산은 20분 이내였다. 2) 흡수액은 아호아산이온의 안정성을 고려하여 3% $H_2O_2$을 사용함으로써 안정한 황산이온으로 산화시켜 정량하였다. 3) 증류수에 표준액을 첨가한 후 증류하여 측정한 회수율은 99.8%로 양호하였으나 실제 식품에 첨가한 경우는 식품의 종류에 따라 회수율의 차이가 있었다.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2013

ATP synthase produces ATP, a major energy source for metabolic processes in organisms, from ADP and inorganic phosphate in cellular membranes. ATP synthase is known as a rotary motor, in which the c-subunit ring functions as a rotor. In this work, we have tried to develop a more general preparation procedure of thermophilic $F_oc$-ring ($TF_oc$-ring) for NMR measurements. The expression of $TF_oF_1$ is easily affected by various experimental conditions such as temperature, shape and size of a flask, a volume of medium, and shaking rate of an incubator. Accordingly, we have tried to optimize the expression conditions of $TF_oF_1$. $TF_oc$-rings were purified from $TF_oF_1$ according to a reported method. We modified purification procedures to improve purity and yield of $TF_oc$. On top of them, we found a new combination of detergents for the purification at anion-exchange column chromatography. To examine the effect of lipid environments on the structure, the $TF_oc$-rings were reconstituted into two kinds of lipid bilayers, namely, saturated and unsaturated lipid ones. Then, we have compared characteristics of the $TF_oc$-ring structures in these membranes with solid-state NMR.

• FOCUS: LIFE SCIENCE
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• 제1호
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• pp.1.1-1.4
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• 2024

This article provides comprehensive guidance on the maintenance, cleaning, regeneration, and storage of silica-based HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) columns. The general considerations emphasize the importance of using in-line filters and guard cartridges to protect columns from blockage and irreversible sample adsorption. While these measures help, contamination by strongly adsorbed sample components can still occur over time, leading to an increase in back pressure, loss of efficiency, and other issues. To maximize column lifetime, especially with UHPLC (Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography) columns, it is advisable to use ultra-pure solvents, freshly prepared aqueous mobile phases, and to filter all samples, standards, and mobile phases. Additionally, an in-line filter system and sample clean-up on dirty samples are recommended. However, in cases of irreversible compound adsorption or column voiding, regeneration may not be possible. The document also provides specific recommendations for column cleaning procedures, including the flushing procedures for various types of columns such as reversed phase, unbonded silica, bonded normal phase, anion exchange, cation exchange, and size exclusion columns for proteins. The flushing procedures involve using specific solvents in a series to clean and regenerate the columns. It is emphasized that the flow rate during flushing should not exceed the specified limit for the particular column, and the last solvent used should be compatible with the mobile phase. Furthermore, the article outlines the storage conditions for silica based HPLC columns, highlighting the impact of storage conditions on the column's lifetime. It is recommended to flush all buffers, salts, and ion-pairing reagents from the column before storage. The storage solvent should ideally match the one used in the initial column test chromatogram provided by the manufacturer, and column end plugs should be fitted to prevent solvent evaporation and drying out of the packing bed.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.457-469
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• 2017

Obesity is one of the most serious health problem because it induced numerous metabolic syndrome and increases the incidence of various disease, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, increases in reactive oxygens species (ROS) occur with lipid accumulation. NADPH oxidase, producing superoxide anion, may contribute to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Chaenomeles sinensis koehne extract (CSE) against the development of obesity and the inhibition mechanisms in 3T3-L1 preadiocytes. CSE decreased triglyceride content and inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$, CCAT/enhancer binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1). In addition, CSE highly increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. CSE remarkably reduced intracellular ROS increase and NAD(P)H oxidase activity, NOX1, NOX4, Rac1 protein expression, and phosphorylation of p47phox and p67phox We also studied the effect of CSE on weight gain induced by high-fat diet. The oral treatment of CSE (500 mg/kg, body weight) in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice showed decrease in triglyceride and adipocyte size. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of CSE on anti-obese effects, adipocyte differentiation and reducing triglyceride contents as well as adipocyte size in obese mice, may be associated with inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase-induced ROS production and adipose transcription factors. These results showed the potential to inhibit the obesity by CSE treatment through controlling the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in vitro and in vivo obese model.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1386-1392
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• 2008

A gene (sll0158) putatively encoding a glycogen branching enzyme (GBE, E.C. 2.4.1.18) was cloned from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and the recombinant protein expressed and characterized. The PCR-amplified putative GBE gene was ligated into a pET-21a plasmid vector harboring a T7 promoter, and the recombinant DNA transformed into a host cell, E. coli BL21(DE3). The IPTG-induced enzymes were then extracted and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The putative GBE gene was found to be composed of 2,310 nucleotides and encoded 770 amino acids, corresponding to approx. 90.7 kDa, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. The optimal conditions for GBE activity were investigated by measuring the absorbance change in iodine affinity, and shown to be pH 8.0 and $30^{\circ}C$ in a 50 mM glycine-NaOH buffer. The action pattern of the GBE on amylose, an $\alpha$-(1,4)-linked linear glucan, was analyzed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) after isoamylolysis. As a result, the GBE displayed $\alpha$-glucosyl transferring activity by cleaving the $\alpha$-(1,4)-linkages and transferring the cleaved maltoglycosyl moiety to form new $\alpha$-(1,6)-branch linkages. A time-course study of the GBE reaction was carried out with biosynthetic amylose (BSAM; $M_p{\cong}$8,000), and the changes in the branch-chain length distribution were evaluated. When increasing the reaction time up to 48 h, the weight- and number-average DP ($DP_w$ and $DP_n$) decreased from 19.6 to 8.7 and from 17.6 to 7.8, respectively. The molecular size ($M_p$, peak $M_w{\cong}2.45-2.75{\times}10^5$) of the GBE-reacted product from BSAM reached the size of amylose (AM) in botanical starch, yet the product was highly soluble and stable in water, unlike AM molecules. Thus, GBE-generated products can provide new food and non-food applications, owing to their unique physical properties.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2008

Acrylic acid 단량체를 방사선 동시조사법으로 폴리프로필렌 멜트 블로운 섬유에 그래프트 반응시켜 PPmb-g-AAc 공중합체를 제조한 후 아민화 반응을 통하여 아민형 이온교환섬유를 합성하였다. 공중합체의 그래프트율은 acrylic acid 단량체의 농도와 총조사선량이 증가할수록 증가하였으며 acrylic acid 단량체의 농도와 총조사선량이 20 v/v%, 4 kGy일 때 140%로 최대치를 나타내었다. Mohr's salt의 최적농도는 $5.0\times10^{-3}$ M로 나타났다. 아민화율은 그래프트율이 증가할수록 증가하여 140%일 때 78.8%로 나타났다. 아민화한 PPmb-g-AAc 공중합체의 함수율은 기재보다 1.5배 정도 높게 나타났으며 이온교환용량은 7.3 meq/g으로 상용 이온교환섬유보다 2$\sim$3배 정도 높게 나타내었다. 합성한 APPmb-g-AAc의 BET 측정결과 PPmb, PPmb-g-AAc 및 APPmb-g-AAc 섬유의 경우 공극의 크기와 비표면적이 각각 $366.1\;{\AA},\;3.71m^2/g$와 $143.3\;{\AA},\;4.94m^2/g$ 및 $40.97\;{\AA},\;8.98m^2/g$로 공극의 크기는 감소하고 비 표면적이 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.872-879
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• 2010

LCHs는 높은 구리함량 뿐만 아니라 고결정도, 음이온교환능력 및 규칙적인 층상 구조 등을 가지고 있어 살균제로 활용가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 최초로 고농에서 LCHs를 합성하였으며, 다양한 반응인자에 따른 결정학적 및 물리적 특성을 규명하여 최적조건을 설정하였다. $Cu(NO_3)_2$ 용액에 NaOH 용액을 첨가하여 합성된 LCHs의 결정성은 후숙시간에 따라 약간 증가하였으나, 0.5시간 이후에는 거의 변화가 없었다. 반응온도에 따른 LCHs의 XRD 피크의 강도 및 패턴은 매우 유사하였으나, LCHs 현탁액의 안정성은 반응온도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. LCHs의 결정성은 반응용액의 pH가 높아질수록 증가하였으나, pH 9.0 이상에서는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 반응용액의 pH에 따라 LCHs 현탁액의 색상과 안정성이 다양하게 변화되었다. $Cu(NO_3)_2$ 농도가 증가할수록 반응용액의 점성이 증가되었으며, LCHs의 결정성은 상대적으로 낮아졌다. NaOH 용액 5.0 M에서 합성된 LCHs의 결정성은 뚜렷하게 감소하였으나, 현탁액의 안정성은 NaOH 농도가 높아질수록 증가하였다. 그러므로 LCHs의 최적 합성조건은 후숙 2시간, 반응온도 $25^{\circ}C$, 반응용액의 pH 6.0, $Cu(NO_3)_2$ 및 NaOH 용액의 농도는 3.0 M 이었다. 최적 반응조건에서 합성된 LCHs는 골격구조를 형성하는 OH, 층간의 $H_2O$ 및 $NO_3$로부터 기인하는 흡수 band가 FT-IR 분석에서 뚜렷하게 나타났다. LCHs의 탈수 및 결정구조의 파괴는 $206{\sim}246^{\circ}C$의 매우 좁은 온도범위에서 발생하였으며, 무게감량이 31.8%로서 이론적인 값인 33.6%와 비슷하게 나타났다. $25^{\circ}C$에서 합성된 LCHs는 0.2~0.8 ${\mu}m$ 크기의 plate 형태를 나타내었으나, 반응온도 및 반응용액의 pH가 증가할수록 입자 크기가 증가할 뿐만 아니라 그들의 입자모양도 변화되었다. 무기 구리제의 병원균에 대한 작용기작은 식물체 표면에 처리된 구리제가 건조 후 엷은 막을 형성하고, 공기 중의 이산화탄소나 탄산을 함유한 빗물, 이슬, 식물체 또는 미생물의 분비물에 의해 가용성의 구리염으로 변화되어 방출된 구리이온이 병원균과 접촉하여 효과를 발현한다. 따라서 작물보호제 처리 시 식물체 표면 흡착이 증가할수록 방제효율은 증가되며, 일반적으로 입자의 크기가 작을수록 식물표면 흡착은 증가한다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 합성된 HDCS는 합성공정이 간단하며, 고농도에서도 합성이 가능할 뿐만 아니라 입자크기가 작고 현탁액의 안정성이 높기 때문에 구리 살균제로서의 활용가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Many environmental contaminants including several metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals, have been identified to be phototoxic in the water environment. Concerns regarding photo-enhancement of toxicity of several environmental contaminants have been increasing because of the increased level of ultraviolet irradiation on the earth surface. However, there exist arguments that there might be certain defense mechanisms taking place in the aquatic ecosystem, which may include behavioral characteristics or genetic acclimation. This study was conducted to understand the potential responses of aquatic receptors to several phototoxic metals in the real environment, where long-term acclimation of such organisms to low dose UV-B may take place. For this purpose, water flea Daphnia magna was acclimated to environmentally relevant dose of UV-B (12 to $18uW/cm^2$) for >11 generations. The differences in developmental and life history characteristics, and toxicity responses were evaluated. Acclimation did not affect the daphnids' growth, longevity, and reproduction characteristics such as time to first brood, and brood size: After 21 d, survival of D. magna was not influenced by UV-B acclimation. When the number of young per female was compared. the daphnids acclimated for 11 generations tend to produce less number of neonates than the un-acclimated individuals but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Four metals that were reported to be phototoxic elsewhere were employed in this evaluation, that include As, Cd. Cu, and Ni. UV-B level being applied in acclimation did increase the toxicity of Cd and Cu, significantly (p<0.05). However, the toxicities of As and Ni were not affected by irradiation of UV-B. Phototoxic responses were evaluated between the acclimated and the un-acclimated daphnids. For Cu, UV-B acclimation led to reduction of the photo-induced toxicity $(p\approx0.1)$ in daphnids. Non-acclimated Daphnia were affected by 50% at 4.18 ug/l Cu. but UV-B acclimated individuals exhibited $EC_{50}$ of 5.89 ug/l. With Cd, UV-B acclimation appeared to increase phototoxicity (p>0.05). With As and Ni, UV-B acclimation did not influence photo-induced toxicity. This observation may be in part explained by the type of reactive oxygen species that were generated by each metal. Similar to UV-B light, Cu is known to generate superoxide anion by acting as redox cycling toxicant. This is one of the first studies that employed_laboratory based UV-B acclimated test species for photoenhanced toxicity evaluation.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 둠벙의 수서곤충군집과 식물 군집에 영향을 주는 수환경 특성을 확인하고자 민통선에 존재하는 5개 유형 16개 둠벙을 선택하여 물의 화학적 특성과 둠벙과 주변 환경과의 연결 특성을 조사하였다. 둠벙의 유형으로는 괸물, 괸물-물흐름, 샘통, 괸물-샘통 그리고 물흐름-샘통형을 사용하였다. 연중 이온의 농도 변화는 괸물형 둠벙에서 가장 작았고 샘통형 둠벙에서 가장 컸다. 음이온 농도가 가장 높은 곳은 괸물형 둠벙이었으며, 양이온 농도가 가장 높은 곳은 물흐름-샘통형 둠벙이었다. 연구 장소에서 발견된 식물은 228종이었으며, 이중 습지 식물이 63종이었다. 수서곤충은 95종이 발견되었다. 확인된 희귀식물은 6종이었고, 희귀수서곤충은 4종이었다. 괸물-샘통형 둠벙에서 종풍부도가 가장 높았다. 둠벙의 크기와 종풍부도는 상관관계가 없었으며, 다변량 통계를 통해 분석한 결과 둠벙 유형별로 생물군집에서 차이가 나는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 둠벙에서 수환경 변화와 주변 환경과 둠벙의 연결성이 생물군집에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었으며, 둠벙은 담수생태계로서 이질성을 높여 농업지역의 생물다양성을 높이는데 기여함을 확인하였다.