• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.595-602
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• 2021

사람의 장내 미생물은 숙주의 대사 조절에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 장내 미생물 균총의 불균형은 비만, 대사 증후군과 밀접하게 병리학적, 생리학적 상호작용을 한다. A. muciniphila는 최근 인간의 대변에서 분리되었으며, 장내 미생물의 약 1-4%를 차지하는 우점균이다. A. muciniphila 유래 외막(external membran) 단백질 Amuc_1100과 세포외 소포(EVs)의 이용은 비만치료를 위한 새로운 전략이 될 수 있다. A. muciniphila는 비만과 같은 대사 장애치료를 위한 차세대 probiotics로 고려되고 있다. F. prausnitzii는 next-generation probiotic로서 건강한 성인의 경우 장내미생물 균총의 약 5%를 차지하며 성인 장 건강의 지표이다. F. prausnitzii는 butyrate-producing bacterium로서 항염증 효과를 나타내며, 면역 질환과 당뇨병 치료를 위한 next-generation probiotics로 기대된다. Postbiotics는 probiotics에 의해 분비되는 세포 상층액에 포함된 대사산물의 복잡한 혼합물이다. 반면, parabiotics는 probiotics를 불활성화 시킨 미생물 세포이다. Paraprobiotics와 postbiotics는 probiotics에 비해 명확한 화학구조(clear chemical structures)와 안전한 투여 용량(safety dose parameters), 장기간의 유통 기간(longer shelf life) 등 많은 장점을 가지고 있어서 probiotics를 대체할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 장 생태계의 불균형을 정상적으로 복원하기 위해서 장내 공생 박테리아(commensal bacteria) 중 next-generation probiotics (NGPs)를 사용하는 것이 가장 자연스런 방법이다. 따라서 next-generation probiotics 를 대상으로 parabiotics와 postbiotics와 같은 새로운 식품이나 약품으로 개발하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.628-635
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• 2022

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the large intestine disease that results in chronic inflammation and ulcers in the colon. Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) is known for its pharmacological activities. Persicaria tinctoria (PT) is also used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the attenuating effects of Rg3-RGE with PT on oxazolone (OXA)-induced UC in mice. Methods: A total of six groups of mice including control group, OXA (as model group, 1.5%) group, sulfasalazine (75 mg/kg) group, Rg3-RGE (20 mg/kg) group, PT (300 mg/kg) group, and Rg3-RGE (10 mg/kg) with PT (150 mg/kg) group. Data on the colon length, body weight, disease activity index (DAI), histological changes, nitric oxide (NO) assay, Real-time PCR of inflammatory factors, ELISA of inflammatory factors, Western blot, and flow cytometry analysis were obtained. Results: Overall, the combination treatment of Rg3-RGE and PT significantly improved the colon length and body weight and decreased the DAI in mice compared with the treatment with OXA. Additionally, the histological injury was also reduced by the combination treatment. Moreover, the NO production level and inflammatory mediators and cytokines were significantly downregulated in the Rg3-RGE with the PT group compared with the model group. Also, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-𝛋B) were suppressed in the combination treatment group compared with the OXA group. Furthermore, the number of immune cell subtypes of CD4⁺ T-helper cells, CD19⁺ B-cells, and CD4⁺ and CD25⁺ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) was improved in the Rg3-RGE with the PT group compared with the OXA group. Conclusion: Overall, the mixture of Rg3-RGE and PT is an effective therapeutic treatment for UC.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2013

Objectives : Gambigyeongsinhwan 16 (GGEx16), gambigyeongsinhwan 18 (GGEx18) and gambitongseong capsule are shown to be involved in the regulation of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the reporter activity of anti-obesity genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) and $PPAR{\delta}$ by GGEx16, GGEx18 and gambitongseong capsule. Methods : After NMu2Li liver cells, C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with GGEx16 (1 ${\mu}g/ml$), GGEx18 (1 ${\mu}g/ml$) and different concentrations of gambitongseong capsule, the transactivation of $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\delta}$ was measured by a luciferase reporter gene assay. Results : $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene activity in NMu2Li liver cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was significantly increased by GGEx16, GGEx18 and gambitongseong capsule compared with control, whereas $PPAR{\alpha}$ reporter gene activity in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells was significantly increased by GGEx18 only compared with control. Similarly, $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was also significantly increased by GGEx18 compared with control. $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells was significantly increased by GGEx16 and GGEx18 compared with control although $PPAR{\delta}$ reporter gene activity in NMu2Li liver cells was not changed by these three formulas. Conclusions : These results suggest that all three formulas have the ability to stimulate $PPAR{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\delta}$ transactivation in animal cell lines with high metabolic rates. In particular, this effects were most prominent in GGEx18-treated cells. In addition, it is likely that GGEx18 may be used as an effective anti-obesity composition.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2022

본 연구는 복분자 미숙과의 항당뇨 활성을 알아보기 위해 유전적 당뇨 질환 동물모델인 db/db 마우스에서 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물을 11주간 경구 투여한 후 당뇨병 개선 효과를 조사하였다. 체중 측정 결과, 정상대조군에 비하여 당뇨대조군의 체중이 45.9% 증가하였으나 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물을 투여한 실험군들의 체중 변화는 보이지 않았다. 시료 투여 11주 후 공복혈당을 측정했을 때 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물 투여군에서는 농도 의존적으로 혈당 상승이 억제되었으며, 복강내당능 시험을 통해 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물이 양성대조군과 유사한 경향으로 혈당을 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 혈중 중성지방 수치 역시 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물 투여군은 농도 의존적으로 중성지방의 농도가 감소되었고, 혈중 인슐린의 농도는 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물 투여군이 당뇨대조군보다 약간 높은 수준으로 나타났으나 군간 유의성은 없었다. 췌장의 병리조직학적 검사 결과, 당뇨대조군에서 인슐린을 분비하는 췌장의 베타세포로 이루어진 랑게르한스섬의 형태학적 손상이 나타났으며 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물 투여에 의해 손상이 억제됨으로써 랑게르한스섬의 면적 및 세포 수가 당뇨대조군에 비해 증가했음을 확인하였다. 또한 인슐린 항체를 이용하여 면역 염색을 통해 췌장 내 베타세포의 형태학적 구조를 확인해 보면 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물 투여군들에서 인슐린을 분비하는 랑게르한스섬 세포 수가 유의하게 증가되었음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 위 결과를 종합해 볼 때 복분자 미숙과 50% 에탄올 추출물이 혈당 강하에 효과가 있으며, 이를 위한 목적으로 장기간 섭취했을 때 항당뇨에 도움이 될 것이라고 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2022

유비퀴틴화는 단백질 안정성 조절을 통해 진핵세포 내 광범위한 과정에서 주요한 역할을 한다. 이 과정에서 탈유비퀴틴화 효소인 deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)은 표적단백질의 유비퀴틴 혹은 ubiquitin-like proteins에 결합하여 표적단백질의 분해를 억제하는 기능을 한다. DUBs의 역할은 주로 암생물학에서 다루어져 왔으며, 이를 통해 다양한 암 치료용 DUBs 억제제가 개발 중인 상황이다. 한편, 최근의 연구는 이러한 DUBs가 비만, 당뇨, 지방간을 포함한 대사질환에서 주요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이라고 보고했다. 대사질환의 발생 및 진행에 있어 각기 다른 종류의 DUBs는 양적 혹은 음적 조절 작용을 갖음을 제시하였다. DUBs는 세포 내 다양한 전사인자의 단백질 발현 등 조절함으로써 대사질환의 발생 및 진행에 기여할 수 있음 생체 내, 외 및 인간 조직을 활용한 연구에서 입증되었다. UCH, USP7 및 USP19는 지방세포의 분화, 체중 증가, 및 인슐린 저항성에 관련이 있음을 식이 혹은 유전자조작으로 인한 비만 유도 마우스에서 검증하였다. CYLD, USP4 및 USP18의 경우 지방간의 발생과 밀접한 관계를 갖는다고 보고되었으며 이는 경우에 따라 체중 변화를 동반한다. 종합적으로, 본 총설에서는 비만 및 이와 관련한 대사질환에서 DUBs의 역할에 대한 최신 연구 결과 및 동향에 대해 기술하였다. 또한 DUBs에 새로운 역할에 관한 기초지식 및 분자적메커니즘을 제공함으로써 궁극적으로는 DUBs가 대사질환의 새로운 유전자 타겟이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.235-247
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the main active ingredients in ginseng. Here, we aimed to confirm its protective effect on the heart function in transverse aortic coarctation (TAC)-induced heart failure mice and explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: The effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on heart and mitochondrial function were investigated by treating TAC-induced heart failure in mice. The mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 for improving heart and mitochondrial function in mice with heart failure was predicted through integrative analysis of the proteome and plasma metabolome. Glucose uptake and myocardial insulin sensitivity were evaluated using micro-positron emission tomography. The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myocardial insulin sensitivity was clarified by combining in vivo animal experiments and in vitro cell experiments. Results: Treatment of TAC-induced mouse models with ginsenoside Rg3 significantly improved heart function and protected mitochondrial structure and function. Fusion of metabolomics, proteomics, and targeted metabolomics data showed that Rg3 regulated the glycolysis process, and Rg3 not only regulated glucose uptake but also improve myocardial insulin resistance. The molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 regulation of glucose metabolism was determined by exploring the interaction pathways of AMPK, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the promotion of glucose uptake in IR-H9c2 cells by AMPK activation was dependent on the insulin signaling pathway. Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rg3 modulates glucose metabolism and significantly ameliorates insulin resistance through activation of the AMPK pathway.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.350-358
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• 2023

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infectious disease that occurs in children under 5 years of age. Its main causes are coxsackievirus (CV) and enterovirus (EV). Since there are no efficient therapeutics for HFMD, vaccines are effective in preventing the disease. To develop broad coverage against CV and EV, the development of a bivalent vaccine form is needed. The Mongolian gerbil is an efficient and suitable animal model of EV71 C4a and CVA16 infection used to investigate vaccine efficacy following direct immunization. In this study, Mongolian gerbils were immunized with a bivalent inactivated EV71 C4a and inactivated CVA16 vaccine to test their effectiveness against viral infection. Bivalent vaccine immunization resulted in increased Ag-specific IgG antibody production; specifically, EV71 C4a-specific IgG was increased with medium and high doses and CVA16-specific IgG was increased with all doses of immunization. When gene expression of T cell-biased cytokines was analysed, Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses were found to be highly activated in the high-dose immunization group. Moreover, bivalent vaccine immunization mitigated paralytic signs and increased the survival rate following lethal viral challenges. When the viral RNA content was determined from various organs, all three doses of bivalent vaccine immunization were found to significantly decrease viral amplification. Upon histologic examination, EV71 C4a and CVA16 induced tissue damage to the heart and muscle. However, bivalent vaccine immunization alleviated this in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the bivalent inactivated EV71 C4a/CVA16 vaccine could be a safe and effective candidate HFMD vaccine.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.52-52
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• 2001

Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic reaction follows a ping-pong mechanism in which the enzyme is transiently phosphorylated on a histidine residue conserved in all nucleoside diphosphate kinases. Beside their role in nucleotide synthesis, these enzymes present additional functions, possibly independent of catalysis, in processes such as differentiation, cell growth, tumor progression, metastasis and development. To clone murine nm23-M5, several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the GenBank data base, selected according to their homology to nm23-H5 cDNA, reconstituted a complete open reading frame (GenBank AF222750). To test whether murine NDPKs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) can inhibit Bax-mediated toxicity in yeast, co-transformation was performed respectively. The yeast S.cerevisiae was transformed with a copy expression plasmid containing the histidine selection marker and expressing murine Bax under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several clones were selected and found to be growth inhibited when Bax expression was induced with galactose. A representative clone was transformed again with a copy expression plasmid containing the tryptophane selection marker and expressing either murine Bcl-xL or NDPK under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several subclones of the double-transformants were selected and characterized. The ability of Bcl-xL and NDPKs to suppress Bax-mediated toxicity was determined by growing yeast cells overnight in galactose media and spot-testing on galactose plates starting with an equal number of yeast cells as determined by taking the OD$_{600}$. Ten-fold serial dilutions were used in the spot-test. Plates were grown at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 2-3 days. All murine NDPKs suppressed Bax dependent apoptosis. Futher study will be peformed whether Bax-toxicity inhibition was caused by NDP kinase activity or additional function.n.

• 감성과학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 첫째, 국제표준에서 규정한 형광직물과 재귀반사 소재에, 아동들이 선호하는 동물의 문양을 재귀반사 필름과 검정색 직물로 디자인하여 부착한, 2벌의 안전의복과 안전조끼를 제작하였다. 둘째, 야간에 주변광원이 없어도 원거리에서 생체를 인지할 수 있도록 안전의복에 스마트 포토닉 디바이스를 장착함으로써, 어린이들이 어두운 때 버튼 원터치만으로 상황에 따라 3가지 발광이 가능하도록 구현하였다. 제작한 스마트 안전의복을 마네킹에 착용시켜 주야간의 시인성을 비교한 결과, 시인성의 차이가 야간에 확연히 나타났는데, 기존의 안전의복 착용 시에는 주변광원 없이는 착용자가 표출되지 않은 반면, 스마트 안전의복 착용 시는 약 70m의 원거리에서도 표출됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 야간이나 기상악화 시에 주행하는 운전자가 원거리에서 생체를 인지할 수 있어 교통사고나 도로상의 안전사고 예방에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 셋째, 광섬유의 발광기능 안정성 유지와 발광시간의 연장을 위하여 에너지 소진 시 태양전지로 수확한 전기에너지를 사용함으로써, 장시간 안정되게 광섬유 발광이 가능하여 시인성의 안정성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로써 스마트 포토닉 안전의복은 야간 작업자용으로도 활용 가능함이 증명되었다. 그러므로 광섬유 안전의복은 태양전지에 의한 에너지 하베스팅 적용으로 안정적인 충전에 의해 실생활뿐만 아니라 어두운 산업현장에서도 착용 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2024

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential biological activity of Veronica incana extracts (VIE) through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments. Methods : In vitro, we conducted analyses on the total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) levels, alongside DPPHand ABTS radical scavenging activities. Ex vivo evaluations on adipose tissue measured glycerol release as a marker of lipolysis. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, we quantified nitric oxide (NO) production. Following H₂O₂ induction in U2OS cells, we performed mitochondrial assays such as MitoSox and MitoTracker. Moreover, Bodipy assays were conducted in 3T3-L1 cells. In vivo, we performed anti-osteoarthritis effect of VIE against monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Results : The results presented encompass a myriad of models, from cell culture to animal experiments as well as ex vivo studies. VIE demonstrated high TP and TF contents, potent DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, and regulated glycerol release. Moreover, the inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced inflammation was notably confirmed and the reduction of lipid droplets was distinctly shown. Furthermore, in H₂O₂-induced U2OS cells, MitoSox was effectively reduced while MitoTracker noticeably increased. In vivo assays confirmed a significant increase in hindpaw weight distribution (HWD) decreased by MIA after VIE treatment. Additionally, VIE inhibited serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-𝛼, IL-6, and IL-1𝛽) and MDA levels in joint tissue. Conclusion : In conclusion, Veronica incana exhibited various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties.