• Title/Summary/Keyword: and moderating effects

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Moderating Effects of Skin Hyperpigmentation from Lycii fructus and Lycii folium Extracts (구기자 및 구기엽 추출물의 피부과색소 조절효과)

  • Kim, Dong-Hee;Lee, Soo-Yeon;Kim, Nam-Kyung;Youn, Bo-Kyung;Jung, Da-Som;Choi, Eun-Young;Hong, So-Ri;Yoon, Ji-Young;Kang, Myung-Hwa;Lee, Jin-Young
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.270-278
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    • 2011
  • The objective of the present study was to evaluate the skin whitening effect of the extracts, Lycii fructus (LF), Dry-L. foilum (DLF) and Fresh-L. folium (FLF). Tyrosinase inhibition activities was 44% in DLF ethanol extracts at a $500{\mu}g/mL$. When the tyrosinase activities in B16F10 murine melanoma cell were tested, the activities in DLF ethanol extracts was 14% at a $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and tyrosinase, which are all melanin related factors, showed that LF, DLF and FLF extracts inhibited the protein bio-synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cell. Especially the DLF extract showed greater decrease of protein expressions. Results indicate that the DLF extract tested in the present study had skin whitening activity and can be used as a function a ingredients for food and cosmetic compositions.

Effect of Private Donors' Emotional or Demonstrable Utility on their Mental Health: Focusing on Mediation Effect of Self-Acceptance and Moderation Effect of the Gratitude for their lives (개인기부자들의 정서적, 가시적 효용감이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향 : 자기수용의 매개효과와 삶에 대한 감사의 조절효과를 중심으로)

  • Lee, Won-June
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.16 no.11
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    • pp.166-178
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    • 2016
  • The study aims at verifying the effects of private donors' emotional or demonstrable utility on their mental health with the mediation effect of self-acceptance and the moderation effect of the gratitude for their lives. As a result of causal analysis of the variables by structural equation models, the notable findings are as follows: First, among the group of private donors with increased gratitude for their lives through sponsorship, while emotional utility from donative activity has a positive effect on donor's mental health, demonstrable utility does not have it. The indirect effect of self-acceptance is proved between emotional or demonstrable utilities and mental health. Second, among the donors without increased the gratitude, emotional utility has direct effect on donor's metal health but demonstrable utility does not affect the metal health. While the self-acceptance shows a full mediation effect between demonstrable utility and mental health, emotional utility has no mediation effect. In conclusion, the moderating effect of the gratitude for their lives is empirically proved and the donors who their gratitude for life has increased due to donative activity show better metal health, self-acceptance level, higher emotional and demonstrable utility, therefore, the gratitude for life is a key for metal health through donation.

A Study on the Effect of Pro-Environmental Consumers on Environmental Education Utilizing Value-Attitude-Behavior Model (가치-태도-행동모델(VAB)을 활용한 친환경 소비자의 환경교육의 조절효과 연구)

  • Hwang, Youn-Sung;Seo, Yong-Mo
    • Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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    • v.8 no.7
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    • pp.273-282
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    • 2017
  • This empirical study is to verify the moderating effects of environmental education on pro-environmental consumers. For this purpose, we used Value-Attitude-Behaviro Model(VAB). In addition, as an environmental education method, the environmental education method using 7 environmental movies by the multimedia with excellent learning effect in order to increase the interest and educational commitment of the learners was utilized. A total of 116 subjects were divided into experimental group and control group, and the experiment was designed based on Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design to grasp the effect of environmental education after conducting environmental education to the experiment group. The results of the analysis showed that environmental education had no effect on environmental values but it had a positive effect on improving the attitude and the pro-environmental behavior. This study proved that the sustainable environmental education could form pro-environmental behavior, even though the environmental sense of values had not been formed in adolescence, and furthermore, the earlier researches had been mainly focused on the effect of the environmental education for the adolescent.

Effect of Bundling Strategy on Tourists' Evaluation of Tour Packages (여행 패키지의 묶음판매 전략에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Seung Lee;Lee, Dong Hee
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.53-74
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    • 2012
  • The bundling of multiple products/services at a set price has become a popular marketing strategy. However, little is known on how effects of bundling strategy influence tourists' evaluation of tour packages. Tourists evaluate a tour package based on the trade-off between the perceived benefits and costs involved in purchasing the tour package. In other words, the perceived value of the tour package influenced whether tourists to purchase a tour package or not. This study tested a tour package based on the theory of bundling, taking a moderating approach with perceived value. The data for this study wascollected by subjects who live Seoul Metropolitan Area and Gyeonggi Province and 4234 respondents, potential tourists to northeastern U.S.A/Canada. Results show that bundling taken by travel agencies include how many product items to put in a tour package and what degree of discount for the tour package. Also explaining functional relationship among product items in the tour package. Result show that tourists expect a discount, large or small, from purchasing a tour package. And the larger the number of products in a tour packages, the larger the discount size, and low functional relationship among items tourists expect to get.

A Study on the Effects of Selfie in the Museum Exhibition on Customer Experience Satisfaction (미술관 전시에서의 사진 촬영이 체험 만족도에 미치는 영향)

  • Ko, Jeongmin;Shin, Hanna;Choi, Jiwon
    • Korean Association of Arts Management
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    • no.49
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    • pp.37-63
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    • 2019
  • This study aims to find out how the photographing affects the satisfaction of visitor experience in the art gallery. We surveyed the visitors who visited the exhibition hall. In order to see if the selfie photographs positively affect the visitor satisfaction level, one-way ANOVA was conducted and the mediating effect of the flow and the moderating effect of narcissistic tendency and involvement was examined. As a result of study, First, in the relationship between photography and satisfaction, the group who took a photo but did not take a self-shot showed higher satisfaction than the group who did not take a photo and self-shot in the exhibition area. This result shows that photographing the art work in the exhibition hall gives experience-based satisfaction to the visitors, but self-shot does not show positive effect on the satisfaction. Second, the hypothesis that the flow degree will play a mediating role of the visitor's experience-based satisfaction in the relationship between art work photo-shot and self-shot type in exhibition hall was rejected. Third, the positive effect of involvement was shown only in the groups that did not take self-shot but took pictures in the exhibition hall. This shows that the satisfaction of the self-shot visitor is not affected by the degree of involvement of art. The results of this study are expected to help determine the policy for permission to take photographs in art galleries.

The Effects of Luxury Brand-Self Identification on Brand Attachment and Brand Commitment - The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus - (명품브랜드-자아 동일시가 브랜드 애착과 브랜드 몰입에 미치는 영향 - 조절초점의 조절효과 -)

  • Ahn, Kwangho;Lee, Jieun;Jeon, Jooeon
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.1-33
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    • 2009
  • This research investigates the effect of brand-self identification on brand attachment and brand commitment focusing on luxury brand. Another purpose of this study is to examine how the relationships among brand identification, brand attachment and brand committment are moderated by consumers' regulatory focus. Structural Equation Modeling using 214 questionnaires was conducted to test hypothesized model. The results reveal that perceived luxury brand personality including excitement, competence, and sophistication influences brand-self identification positively, which in turn has a signifiant positive effect on the brand attachment. It is also found that consumers' emotional attachment to luxury brands has a positive influence on the luxury brand commitment while the effect of the brand-self identification on the brand commitment is not signifiant. This finding strongly supports that brand attachment and brand commitment are distinct construct, which confirms the results of the previous studies. In addition, the results show that consumers-luxury brands relationships are moderated by consumers' regulatory focus. This finding explains that prevention-focused individuals who have interdependent self-view respond to the loss caused by relationship break more sensitively compared to the promotion-focused consumers. Finally, based on the findings of this study, theoretical contribution and managerial implications are discussed.

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The Effect of Common Features on Consumer Preference for a No-Choice Option: The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus (재몰유선택적정황하공동특성대우고객희호적영향(在没有选择的情况下共同特性对于顾客喜好的影响): 조절초점적조절작용(调节焦点的调节作用))

  • Park, Jong-Chul;Kim, Kyung-Jin
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 2010
  • This study researches the effects of common features on a no-choice option with respect to regulatory focus theory. The primary interest is in three factors and their interrelationship: common features, no-choice option, and regulatory focus. Prior studies have compiled vast body of research in these areas. First, the "common features effect" has been observed bymany noted marketing researchers. Tversky (1972) proposed the seminal theory, the EBA model: elimination by aspect. According to this theory, consumers are prone to focus only on unique features during comparison processing, thereby dismissing any common features as redundant information. Recently, however, more provocative ideas have attacked the EBA model by asserting that common features really do affect consumer judgment. Chernev (1997) first reported that adding common features mitigates the choice gap because of the increasing perception of similarity among alternatives. Later, however, Chernev (2001) published a critically developed study against his prior perspective with the proposition that common features may be a cognitive load to consumers, and thus consumers are possible that they are prone to prefer the heuristic processing to the systematic processing. This tends to bring one question to the forefront: Do "common features" affect consumer choice? If so, what are the concrete effects? This study tries to answer the question with respect to the "no-choice" option and regulatory focus. Second, some researchers hold that the no-choice option is another best alternative of consumers, who are likely to avoid having to choose in the context of knotty trade-off settings or mental conflicts. Hope for the future also may increase the no-choice option in the context of optimism or the expectancy of a more satisfactory alternative appearing later. Other issues reported in this domain are time pressure, consumer confidence, and alternative numbers (Dhar and Nowlis 1999; Lin and Wu 2005; Zakay and Tsal 1993). This study casts the no-choice option in yet another perspective: the interactive effects between common features and regulatory focus. Third, "regulatory focus theory" is a very popular theme in recent marketing research. It suggests that consumers have two focal goals facing each other: promotion vs. prevention. A promotion focus deals with the concepts of hope, inspiration, achievement, or gain, whereas prevention focus involves duty, responsibility, safety, or loss-aversion. Thus, while consumers with a promotion focus tend to take risks for gain, the same does not hold true for a prevention focus. Regulatory focus theory predicts consumers' emotions, creativity, attitudes, memory, performance, and judgment, as documented in a vast field of marketing and psychology articles. The perspective of the current study in exploring consumer choice and common features is a somewhat creative viewpoint in the area of regulatory focus. These reviews inspire this study of the interaction possibility between regulatory focus and common features with a no-choice option. Specifically, adding common features rather than omitting them may increase the no-choice option ratio in the choice setting only to prevention-focused consumers, but vice versa to promotion-focused consumers. The reasoning is that when prevention-focused consumers come in contact with common features, they may perceive higher similarity among the alternatives. This conflict among similar options would increase the no-choice ratio. Promotion-focused consumers, however, are possible that they perceive common features as a cue of confirmation bias. And thus their confirmation processing would make their prior preference more robust, then the no-choice ratio may shrink. This logic is verified in two experiments. The first is a $2{\times}2$ between-subject design (whether common features or not X regulatory focus) using a digital cameras as the relevant stimulus-a product very familiar to young subjects. Specifically, the regulatory focus variable is median split through a measure of eleven items. Common features included zoom, weight, memory, and battery, whereas the other two attributes (pixel and price) were unique features. Results supported our hypothesis that adding common features enhanced the no-choice ratio only to prevention-focus consumers, not to those with a promotion focus. These results confirm our hypothesis - the interactive effects between a regulatory focus and the common features. Prior research had suggested that including common features had a effect on consumer choice, but this study shows that common features affect choice by consumer segmentation. The second experiment was used to replicate the results of the first experiment. This experimental study is equal to the prior except only two - priming manipulation and another stimulus. For the promotion focus condition, subjects had to write an essay using words such as profit, inspiration, pleasure, achievement, development, hedonic, change, pursuit, etc. For prevention, however, they had to use the words persistence, safety, protection, aversion, loss, responsibility, stability etc. The room for rent had common features (sunshine, facility, ventilation) and unique features (distance time and building state). These attributes implied various levels and valence for replication of the prior experiment. Our hypothesis was supported repeatedly in the results, and the interaction effects were significant between regulatory focus and common features. Thus, these studies showed the dual effects of common features on consumer choice for a no-choice option. Adding common features may enhance or mitigate no-choice, contradictory as it may sound. Under a prevention focus, adding common features is likely to enhance the no-choice ratio because of increasing mental conflict; under the promotion focus, it is prone to shrink the ratio perhaps because of a "confirmation bias." The research has practical and theoretical implications for marketers, who may need to consider common features carefully in a practical display context according to consumer segmentation (i.e., promotion vs. prevention focus.) Theoretically, the results suggest some meaningful moderator variable between common features and no-choice in that the effect on no-choice option is partly dependent on a regulatory focus. This variable corresponds not only to a chronic perspective but also a situational perspective in our hypothesis domain. Finally, in light of some shortcomings in the research, such as overlooked attribute importance, low ratio of no-choice, or the external validity issue, we hope it influences future studies to explore the little-known world of the "no-choice option."

The Impact of Social Legitimacy on the Performance of New Venture (사회적 정당성이 벤처 기업의 성과에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Juhee;Kim, Changsu;Nam, Dae-Il
    • Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.13-25
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    • 2014
  • This study advances research on new venture by taking the organizational ecology perspective to explore the relationship between social legitimacy and new venture performance. We examine how entrepreneurs' organizing activity and social norm shape the social legitimacy. This paper also categorizes the social norms into three parts: social norm that is 1) supporting success achieved through one's own effort 2) encouraging start-up, and 3) promoting risk-taking. Using a dataset of PSED(Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics) from 2005 to 2011, we found that entrepreneurs' organizing activity has a positive effect on new venture performance. In addition, this study presents the moderating effects of 'liability of newness' that decreases the effect of organizing activity on new venture performance. Interestingly, with respect to the social norm, 'liability of newness' only moderates the relationship between start-up encouraging social norm and new venture performance.

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The Effects of Instructor's Non-verbal Communication on High School Student Athletes' Emotional Reaction and Self-efficacy (지도자의 비언어적 커뮤니케이션이 체육고등학교 학생운동선수들의 감정반응과 자기효능감에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Young-Chan;Ko, Wi-Sug
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.12
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    • pp.170-185
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among instructor's non-verbal communication, emotional reaction, and self-efficacy. By using convenience sampling method of non-provability sampling, 258 student athletes from S and D cities were selected for a questionnaire survey. The 184 returned surveys were analyzed with structural equation modeling through SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statics program. The study results are summarized as follows. First, instructor's non-verbal communication has a positive influence on emotional reaction of high school student athletes. Second, high school student athletes experiencing emotional reactions by instructor have a positive influence on self-efficacy. Third, instructor's non-verbal communication does not influence self-efficacy of high school student athletes directly. Fourth, emotional reactions of high school student athletes experienced by instructor's non-verbal communication have a mediating effect on self-efficacy. Fifth, neither gender nor exercise period has a moderating effect on the relationship between non-verbal communication, emotional reactions, and self-efficacy.

Meta Analysis on the Effects of Neuro-feedback Training Programme (뉴로 피드백 훈련 프로그램(Neurofeedback Training Programme) 효과에 대한 메타분석)

  • Cheong, Moon Joo;Jo, Hanik;Chae, Eun Young
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.12
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    • pp.582-593
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study is to (evaluate) the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFT) and systematically search for the related factors by conducting a meta-analysis of theses and journal articles published in (the Korean language/Korea). This study analyzed 21 articles selected through a database search from 2001 to 2015. The quality evaluation result of the research, as research method characteristic, was low. It was found that, first, the effect size of the neurofeedback program training was .683 above the (median). Second, the effect size as the (moderator) variable played a statistically significant role in moderating the effect of the the subject characteristics, including the presence or not of disabilities and school level (elementary, junior high school, high school), on the effectiveness of the neurofeedback training program. Third, (the effect size) played a statistically significant role in mediating the effect of the research method (training method), number of sessions per week, total number of sessions and training time on the effectiveness of the neurofeedback training program. This study provides (comprehensive) data on the effect of the interventions and selection of the neuro-feedback training program subjects.