• Title/Summary/Keyword: ancient operation

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The Ming Castle Conservation Policy and the Creation of Historical and Cultural Environments (중국 '난징(南京) 명성곽(明城郭)'의 보존정책과 역사문화환경 조성)

  • Ryu, Ho Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.346-361
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    • 2013
  • Since the Ming Castle located in Nanjing was designated by the Government of China as a cultural property in 1988, the Nanjing city government has been conserving the castle according to its plan and thus restoring the historical and cultural values of Nanjing. The project is still in progress, and in this regard, a series of logistics have formulated and a lot of discussions have taken place. Likewise, Korea has been carrying out multidirectional policies to conserve and utilize castles lying throughout the country, appreciating the historical and cultural resources of castles lying throughout the country, and at the same time gets down to designation as the World Heritage. This study focused on how Nanjing, not only a castle city but also a historical city, had established a principle and legal foundation regarding the protection of the Ming Castle, especially on how the problems, which might continually arise in a process where a scheme reached a working stage, had been solved. The problem-solving process is expected to have great implications for Korea in a similar situation. Hereat, this study analyzed the project plans formulated seasonally and gathered data on practical operation by conducting interviews with hands-on workers. The results showed that Nanjing had carried out policies to utilize the castles as tourism resources by harmonizing cityscape and ecological environment, but that it well conserved castles without damaging cultural assets. The stereoscopic protection system for the Ming Castle, based on the consideration of historical and cultural environments, may provide practical and useful data for Korea's administration mapping out for a castle conservation policy and designation as the UNESCO World Heritage.

The Significance and Utilization of the Jungwon Historical and Cultural Area (중원역사문화권 설정의 의미와 활용 방안)

  • SEONG, Jeongyong;YANG, Sieun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.54 no.3
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    • pp.204-227
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    • 2021
  • This paper proposed the validity and necessity of establishing the Jungwon Historical and Cultural Area by reviewing the historical characteristics of the name Jungwon and its temporal and spatial range. We also explored ways to utilize the Jungwon historical and cultural Area under the Special Act on the Maintenance of Historical and Cultural Areas. Jungwon, which means the center of the country, has strategic value as a key area connecting the Korean Peninsula to the north and south through the Geripryeong and Jukryeong. It also includes Chungju, which connects the Namhan and Bukhan Rivers . From the Mahan period, the areas of Cheongju and Jincheon, the Miho Stream basin to the west, and Chungju to the east were closely connected to each other. Afterwards, Baekje, Koguryo, and Silla engaged in a fierce battle to occupy the Jungwon area. Jungwon culture was born through the negotiation and fusion of the cultures of the three kingdoms. In particular, Silla continued to value the Jungwon area, demonstrated by the installation of Seowongyeong in Cheongju and Bukwongyeong in Wonju, centering on the Jungwongyeong. Since we have a historical view with a focus on ancient kingdoms, we have overlooked the full value of the history and culture of Jungwon. We need to recognize the importance of Jungwon area and think about how to utilize it. Therefore, we suggested in this paper that there be more public information services on the cultural heritage of Jungwon, the historical heritage experience, and the education programs for local residents. The development and operation of Jungwon's history, culture, and tourism contents, as well as the various academic research papers should be used to reveal the identity of the Jungwon historical and cultural area.

Matter and Becoming in Gilbert Simondon's Theory of Individuation (물질과 생성: 질베르 시몽동의 개체화론을 중심으로)

  • Kim, Jaehee
    • Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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    • no.93
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    • pp.231-260
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    • 2011
  • Simondon's theory of individuation and methodology of transduction presents a possibility of contemporary natural philosophy and a new perspective about the relation between philosophy and sciences. According to Simondon's anti-substantial viewpoint, being, as a metastable system charged with potential energy, complicates itself with quantum leaps transversing successive equilibriums. Individuation is the becoming of phases of being which transits from preindividual state to individuated states. Physical individuation as a paradigmatic model of individuation in general demonstrates not only insufficiency of form-oriented hylomorphism, but also spontaneous formational capacity of matter and reality of energetic relational operation immanent in matter. Genesis of a individual (structure or form) occurs as a resolution of the disparation between orders of magnitude, that is, the difference of potentials immanent in nature through the internal resonance, communication by information, transductive relation between the opposites. I'm trying to show that Simondon revives 'physis' of ancient natural philosophy by his own transductive applications of contemporary physics' conceptions, and therefore suggest a new non-reductive materialism. Especially Simondon's 'transduction' which is neither induction, deduction, nor dialectic, but an original ontological process and a peculiar method of thinking, I think, is worthy of note in order to construct network of knowledge and inter-relation between various sciences.

Cultivation of millet in Mahan-Baekje Villages: Archaeobotanical examination of Osan site, Jangheung, Korea (전남 마한백제계 취락의 서속(黍粟) 재배와 농경 체계: 장흥 봉림리 오산유적 자료를 중심으로)

  • RYU Ara;KIM Sebin;OH Byungwook;KIM Minkoo
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.48-60
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    • 2023
  • Although foxtail and broomcorn millet have been cultivated since the Neolithic Age on the Korean Peninsula, there have been few studies on how the importance of millet cultivation changed over time. The discovery of millet has been rare in the Mahan-Baekje villages in the Jeonnam region, and archaeological discussions on ancient farming have centered around rice farming. However, a large amount of millet was found at the Osan site in Bongrim-ri, Jangheung, showing that the tradition of millet cultivation continued during the AD 3-4 centuries. In contrast to rice farming, which requires low-lying wetlands, hot and humid summers, and a large labor force, millet cultivation has few restrictions in terms of growing environment and labor mobilization. Regarding harvesting seasons, the crops at the Osan site can be divided into fall harvesting (rice, legumes, millet) and summer harvesting (wheat). Regarding field locations, the crops are divided into wetland crops (rice) and dryland crops (wheat, legumes, millet). The operation of the dual agricultural system contributed to subsistence resilience and agricultural production, making it possible to effectively manage social and climatic crises.

Development and Application of Home Economics Teacher Training Program for Elevating The Recognition of Han Culture - Based on Clothing Life Culture in Three Kingdoms Period - (한(韓)문화 인식 증진을 위한 가정과교사 연수 프로그램의 개발 및 적용 - 의생활 문화 영역 삼국 시대 복식을 중심으로 -)

  • Bae, Hyun-Young;Park, Mi-Jeong;Lee, Hye-Ja
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.33-50
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted as a preparation for the operation of 2007 revised curriculum and an effort towards professional development for Home Economics teachers in clothing life culture area. The aim of this study was to develop an teacher training program based on the clothing life culture in three kingdoms period, apply it to teacher training, and evaluate the program by analyzing the purpose of participation, trainee expectation and gratification, change of recognition level about Han culture, trainee satisfaction, and willingness to apply to teaching and attend further training program. The characteristic of the training program was that it consisted of both highly qualified lectures on professional contents and practices with school classroom level, and it dealt with the ancient korean clothing as its central subject. The purpose of the training program was to elevate the recognition of Han culture and increase the possibility of application in the classroom situation. It showed that the trainees participated with high intrinsic motivations, aiming to improve their professionalism in subject content and expecting various subject content. It also showed that the trainee gratification was very high in professional knowledge of clothing culture area, and the trainees were gratified in most evaluation items. As to the recognition level of korean culture, even before the training program, it was generally higher than average. After the program, it increased meaningfully. Through the training program, the trainees became feel prouder of Han culture and people and themselves as Home economics teachers. The contents of the program were considered very helpful for the improvement of professionalism and the design of instruction and learning activity. It was revealed that Home Economics teachers had very high expectations of the development of instruction-learning models which could enable them to experience new and interesting ideas, help enhance their professionalism, and be applied to their teaching. Therefore, continuous development and operation of the teacher training program relating to the life culture such as clothing, food, and housing life are needed.

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A Study on a New Working-system of Mechanical Land Clearing and Development of Fertle Soil. (기계개간의 새로운 작업체계와 숙지화 촉진에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Eun
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.2162-2176
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    • 1971
  • From the ancient times our forefathers settled down in this peninsular and cultivated the hills and waste-lands into fields. Instead of fertilizing the lands they moved to find other fertile lands and lived a feudal life of agriculture and various machines played a main role in the land reclamation. The best method of land clearing, the time and efficiency in the operation and the effect of growing crops should sysematically analized prior to the time of 3rd Five-year Economic Development(1972-1976) in order to cultivated 210,000 ha of waste-land or the modernization of our country. The present study was investigated to find out a new working-system of mechanical land clearing and development of fertile soil. The results are as follows: 1) The land reclamation in natural slope is much more encourageable in land clearing and farming when the slope is below ten grades than bench terrace. 2) Weeds were mixed with soil in the land clearing work in order to supply organic materials and to make soil swollen instead of burning of just removing. 3) The equipments such as bulldozers, harrows, power tillers and so on should be prepared in order to do a systematic work in the land clearing. 4) The work of pulling-up roots is dependent upon the forms of roots spreading under the ground. The work of the pulling-up the straight roots was most difficult. 5) The land clearing work of the wrinkled style blocks was easy in pulling up roots and in the time of first plowing. The harrowing work could also be simply done. 6) The amount of soil carried was $240m^3/10a$, 15.6% increased amount from the standard block, while the required time of clearing work was 2 hours 15 minutes 45 seconds/10a, the one third of time required for the standard block. 7) The time disc harrowing work increased 50%, or 15 minutes/10a compared to the harrowing work required in the cultivated soil. 8) The time of rotary tilling increased 2.4 times or 1 hour 47 minutes 43 seconds/10a compared to the time required in the cultivated soil. 9) The reclamed land should be fertilized according to the soil quality, especially added fertilizer should be more than 1,200kg/10a, limes 20kg/10a. In order to produce added fertilizer grass fields should be needed. 10) The experiment of pasture growing is now progressing and therefore the effect of land clearing and the degree of developed soil will be investigated before long.

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A Study on the Blood-Letting Therapy in Elementary Questions (("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 중(中) 사혈(瀉血)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Jun-Geun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.19-42
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    • 2008
  • Blood-Letting Therapy is a rational and ecological medical treatment by which we can heal most of the diseases by removing the static blood which precipitates in the blood vessel and blocks the flowing of blood. And the static blood is the generic term for the injurious, bad, dead and precipitated blood which is blocked the capillary vessel. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says that "the patient is treated with drugs internally and stone acupuncture externally. "In the old texts, the blood-letting therapy is mentioned as blood-letting, network vessel pricking, bloodletting, pricking, and arousing pulses etc and it is noted down as the method of network vessel pricking in 'On the Application of Needles' of Spiritual Pivot. Nine-pricking therapy, twelve-pricking therapy and five-pricking therapy are recorded in the methods of network vessel pricking and among them, the method of squeezing blood after pricking the affected part is explained as the network vessel pricking. There are four methods of network vessel pricking, pricking, picking, cluster needling and scatter-pricking and they are fluidly applied to the various symptoms of diseases. In 'On Discriminative Treating for Patients of Different Regions' in Elementary Questions, Ki-baek emphasizes "most of the local people, there are black in skin and loose in striate, and their diseases are mostly of carbuncle kind. It is suitable to treat the disease with stone therapy to prick with stone, so the stone therapy is transmitted from the east. "And in 'On the Corresponding Relation Between the Eum and Yang of Man and All Things' in Elementary Questions, when the Emperor asked Ki-Back, he answered "sthenia means the sthenia of evil, and deficiency means the deficiency of healthy energy. When the blood is sthenic, the evil should be discharged by pricking when out letting the blood; deficiency of vital energy is the asthenia of channels and network vessels, so the energy should drain from the channel which is not deficient, to replenish. "And in this case we can use the methods of 'Breaking out the static bloods', 'driving out the static bloods', blood-letting'. With this we can infer that the blood-letting therapy is made use of the important medical treatments from the ancient times. Especially in referring to the principles of treatment in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it mostly alluded to acupuncture therapies and only eleven times to medicinal treatments. This is to verify that the blood-letting therapy formed the foundation of the medical art. In Dong's Therapy of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Bloodletting, Dong Kyeong-Chang gave emphasis on the points that there must be extravasated bloods without exception in the serious illnesses which is old, unnatural, accompanying acute pains and so we can revive our body‘s sprit by circulating 'gi' and static blood piled up in the network vessel, regulating the weakness and strength, and controling the disharmony of the internal organs. The blood-letting therapy has effect on the orifice in emergency, such as fore draining, freeing network vessels, harmonizing gi and blood, relieving pain, dispersing swelling and concretion, sedation, resolving toxin as well as strengthening the heart, relieving itching. So it has distinguished effect on all kinds of medical treatment to the modern people. But by the change of social customs and the confucianism of confucius - it is widely spread on the period of North and South Dynasties, 'Wi' and 'Jin' in china and the period of the Three States in korea - The blood-letting therapy which was regarded as the most important medicinal treatment withered rapidly. And Confucius accentuated the importance of our body and all its members, loyalty and filial piety and banned any damage of our body under no circumstances. As a result of it, the therapy of blood-letting had a rapid decrease and barely kept itself in existence in both countries. What is worse, at the period of Japanese colonial rule of korea and our nation's founding of early stage, it has been withered by the high-handed policy to change Oriental Medicine into modern medical science. So the therapy of blood-letting barely kept itself in existence in some Buddhist temples. Another case, it has handed down as a old-fashioned quick fix in folk remedies. But all kinds of the contamination of heavy metals and the misuses of antibiotics are widely spread nowadays, which increased diseases of adult people and incurable diseases as modern society unavoidably made its way into a highly industrial society. To make us more miserable, the western medical science - the antibiotics and surgical operation medical science - already reveals itself into a limit. The necessity of a new medical science which can give a security to the patients who are suffering from the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases is especially come into the force nowadays. In view of the results after bibliographically studying on the blood-letting Therapy in Elementary Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, the blood-letting therapy has acted for the important Oriental medicinal science and has been clarified the prominent effects on the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases. So it is regarded as an appropriate thing that we lay out a determined theory of the blood-letting therapy and of course prevent the unwanted side effects from inappropriate medicinal treatments, and make full use of clinic by elevating the curative value and that we win back our self-respect of medical treatment which is dominated from the western medical science and ultimately contribute to national medical welfare.

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The Way of Connecting to Tradition through Content (콘텐츠를 통해 전통을 잇는 방식 - 단원미술관 전시사례를 중심으로)

  • Kim, Sangmi
    • Trans-
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    • v.9
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    • pp.17-36
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    • 2020
  • This study is aimed at discussing the possibility of content production, utilization and expansion, focusing on the exhibition case of Danwon Art Museum run by Ansan Cultural Foundation. In 1991, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism named Ansan as the City of Danwon since it is believed to be the hometown of Danwon Kim Hong-do (1745~?), a painter of the late Joseon Dynasty and a well-known master of genre painting. As a result, Ansan is making various efforts to utilize Danwon Kim Hong-do for its unique resource through internal and external business such as the creation of Danwon Sculpture Park, the operation of Danwon Art Museum, and the planning of Danwon Kim Hong-do Festival. However, the biggest problem with Ansan is that there are not many collections of Kim Hong-do. Ansan has owned a total of six works as of May this year: a deer and a boy, flowers and a bird, A view of clouds on the water, Daegwallyeong, Yeodongbin, A way to Singwangsa. Accordingly, Danwon Contents Center has set up a vision to systematically collect, preserve, and display various visual and artistic materials related to Kim Hong-do, offering high-quality information based on digital data. In other words, it is a complex cultural information agency of One-Source Multi-Use, which combines the functions of libraries, archives and art galleries so that visitors' desire is satisfied. It reflects the contemporary trend of overcoming the limitations of the ancient paintings and satisfying the role and function of the art museum. From the opening of the Danwon Contents Hall, the original work of Kim Hong-do has been interpreted and produced as media contents or recreated as a new form of art by modern artists. Exhibition using technologies such as touch screen and 'deep zoom' helps visitors to heighten their experience of the archives and get inside the world of the genius painter.

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"Critical Application of Witness Commentaries: The Case of Guerrilla Warfare in the Korean War" ("증언자료의 비판적 활용 - 6.25전쟁 시기 유격대의 경우")

  • Cho, Sung Hun
    • The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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    • no.12
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    • pp.137-178
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    • 2005
  • The anticommunist guerrillas' activities that aretheconcern of this article took place largely in North Korea or behind the enemy-held lines. Verifying their history is accordingly difficult and requires careful attention, but despite their active operations the military as well as the scholarly community have been lax in studying them. The Korean War came to be perceived as a traditional, limited war with regular battles, so that the studies addressed mostly the regular operations, and guerrilla warfare is remembered as an almost 'exclusive property' of the communist invaders; a small wonder that the anticommunist guerrillas have not been studied much and the collection of materials neglected. Therefore, in contrast with the witness accounts concerning regular battles, witness resources were of a small volume about these "patriots without the service numbers." For the above reasons the guerrilla participants and their later-organized fellowships took to the task of leaving records and compiling the histories of their units. They became active preservers of history in order to inform later generations of their works and also to secure deserved benefits from the government, in a world where none recognized their achievements. For instance, 4th Donkey Unit published witness accounts in addition to a unit history, and left video-recordings of guerrilla witnesses before any institute systematized the oral history of the guerrillas. In the case of Kyulsa ("Resolved to Die") Guerrilla Unit, the unit history was 10 times revised and expanded upon for publication, contributing substantially to the recovery of anticommunist guerrilla history which had almost totally lacked documented resources. Now because the guerrilla-related witness accounts were produced through fellowship societies and not individually, it often took the form of 'collective memory.' As a result, though thousands of former guerrillas remain surviving, the scarcity of numerous versions of, or perspectives upon, an event renders difficult an objective approach to the historical truth. Even requests to verify the service of a guerrilla member or to apply for decoration or government benefits for those killed in action, the process is taken care of not at the hands of the first party but the veteran society, so that a variety of opinions are not available for consideration. Moreover, some accounts were taken by American military personnel, and since some historians, unaware of official documents or evaluation of achievements, tended to center the records around their own units and especially to exaggerate the units' performances, they often featured factual errors. Thefollowing is the means to utilize positively the aforementioned type of witness accounts in military history research. It involves the active use of military historical detachments (MHD). As in the examples of those dispatched by the American forces during the Korean War, experts should be dispatched during, and not just after, wartimes. By considering and investigating the differences among various perspectives on the same historical event, even without extra documented resources it is possibleto arrive at theerrors or questionable points of the oral accounts, supplementing the additional accounts. Therefore any time lapses between witness accounts must be kept in consideration. Moreover when the oral accounts come from a group such as participants in the same guerrilla unit or operation, a standardized list of items ought to be put to use. Education in oral history is necessary not just for the training of experts. In America wherethefield sees much activity, it is used not only in college or graduate programs but also in elementary and lifetime educational processes. In comparison in our nation, and especially in historical disciplines, methodological insistence upon documented evidences prevails in the main, and in the fields of nationalist movement or modern history, oral accounts do not receive adequate attention. Like ancient documents and monuments, oral history also needs to be made a regular part of diverse resource materials at our academic institutes for history. Courses in memory and history, such as those in American colleges, are available possibilities.

A Study of Local Festival for the China Hebeisheng (중국 하북성 마을제 연구 - 하북성조현범장이월이룡패회중룡신적여인(河北省趙縣范庄二月二龍牌會中龍神的與人) -)

  • Park, Kwang-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.36
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    • pp.347-377
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    • 2003
  • China is a country with large agricultural areas and subject to frequent calamities. Drought is the top of them. It has been a key problem for development of agriculture in the country. In the long struggle against drought, Chinese have accumulated many rational and irrational experiences. The Dragon Kings Belief, which is popular in North China and discussed in a thesis, is one of their irrational experiences. The belief was passed together with Buddhism from India to China in the Tang Dynasty. After it settled down, it was incorporated with the local five dragons belief and a set of beliefs in dragon kings came into existence. The emergence of the dragon kings belief ended the history that the title of rain got was not clear in China and Dragon kings finally got the status. Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture in China. In a Chinese mind, Dragon kings are the most important gods who take charge of rain and thus offer the lifeblood. In understanding the nature and characteristics of Chinese traditional culture, it is important for us to make clear the origin and evolution of the belief, find out its nature, function and operation. In the every year beginning of February of the Fanzhuang calendar in the people of Hebeisheng Zhaoxian, would all hold a festival to offer sacrifices to the $^{{\circ}TM}^{\prime}longpai$. Longpai was regarded as the core of the temple fair, thus the native sons came to call this festival; "longpaihui". In this region the'Fanzhuang longpaihui'developed into a well knownand grand temple fair. It was able to attract numerous pilgrims with its special magic power, occupying a place in $China^{{\circ}TM}$ 'eryueer'festival with festive dragon activities. The dragon is a common totem among Chinese nationals. The belief worship of the dragon dates from the start time of primitive societies. Dragon oneself the ancients worship's thunder lightning. In the worship of the great universe, at first afterwards this belief with the tribe's totem worships to combine to become the animal spirit. In ancient myths legends, along with folk religion and beliefs all hold a very important position. The longpaihui is a temple fair without a temple; this characteristic is a distinction between longpaihui and other temple fairs. As for longpaihui must of the early historical records are unclear. The originator of a huitou system has a kind of organized form of the special features rather, originator of a huitou not fix constant, everything follows voluntarily principle, can become member with the freedom, also can back at any time the meeting. There is a longpaihui for 'dangjiaren', is total representative director in the originator of a huitou will. 'banghui' scope particularly for extensive, come apparently every kind of buildup that help can return into the banghui, where is the person of this village or outside village of, the general cent in banghui work is clear and definite, for longpaihui would various businesses open smoothly the exhibition provides to guarantees powerfully. Fanzhuang longpaihui from the beginning of February to beginning six proceed six days totally. The longpai is used as the ancestry absolute being to exsits with the community absolute being at the same time in fanzhuang first took civil faith, in reality is a kind of method to support social machine in native folks realize together that local community that important function, it provided a space, a kind of a view to take with a relation, rising contact, communication, solidify the community contents small village, formation with fanzhuang. The fanzhuang is used as supplies for gathering town, by luck too is this local community trade exchanges center at the same time therefore can say the faith of the longpai, in addition to its people's custom, religious meaning, still have got the important and social function. Moreover matter worthy of mentioning, Longpai would in organize process, from prepare and plan the producing of meeting every kind of meeting a longpeng of the matter do, all letting person feeling is to adjust the popular support of, get the mass approbation with positive participate. Apart from the originator of a huitou excluding, those although not originator of a huitou, however enthusiasm participate the banghui of its business, also is too much for the number.