• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.93-101
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• 1999

This test process on screening method for the detection of residual antibiotics in milk is simple, economic, sensitive to residual antibiotics and was given approval international organs. Thus, this study was carried out the comparison of Disk assay method and TTC-II method for sensitivity and minimum detectable range of antibiotics in raw milk. The results of this study was summarized as follows ; 1. The number of samples requested for treatment of mastitis was 198 samples. Comparison or analytical results among the methods of TTC-II, disk assay and Delve sp was that TTC-II 37 samples(18.6% ), Disk assay 125samples(63.1%), Delve SP 130 samples(65.7% ) reacted positively. Conformity rate of Delve SP and Disk assay was 70%. 2. Detectable limits of disk assay method in some antibiotics were more sensitive than those of official method(0.05-0.0025ppm in the $\beta$-lactams, 1ppm in two aminoglycoside, 0.2 ppm in one tetracycline, similar in one macrolide) 3. For sensitivity of residual sulfonamides TTC-II was much more sensitive than disk assay. Detectable limits of sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine were 30 to 50ppm levels. 4. The best medium preservation period is 1-2 days. 5. Concentration of brome cresol purple related to resistance for B stearothermophilus culture was 24ppm/ml. These results show that disk assay method for screening detection of antibiotics residuces in milk is worthy of use.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2000

목 적 : 올바른 항생제의 사용을 위해서는 우선 항생제 사용 실태의 파악과 함께 검사실의 확충, 의료진의 협조 등 다양한 노력과 보완이 요구된다. 본 연구는 적절한 항생제 사용의 기반을 마련하고자 현재 시행되고 있는 항생제 사용 실태를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 전북대학교병원에 입원한 환자 총 1,833명을 대상으로 의무기록을 통하여 항생제의 사용 여부, 종류, 사용 기간, 용량, 항생제의 투약 시작 시기 및 투여 목적을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 전체 조사 대상 환자 1,833명 중 입원 기간 중 항생제를 사용한 환자는 1,231명으로 67.2%였으며, 계별로 살펴보면 내과계는 전체 1,014명 중 497명(49.0%)이 항생제를 사용하였고, 외과계는 819명 중 734명(89.6%)에서 항생제를 사용하였다. 전체 항생제를 사용한 환자 1,231명 중 706명(57.4%)에서 예방 목적으로 사용하였고, 525명(42.6%)에서 치료 목적으로 사용하였다. 항생제를 사용한 환자의 경우 사용된 항생제의 갯수를 살펴보면 총 1,231명 중 1가지 항생제를 사용한 경우는 125명(10.2%)이었으며, 2가지를 사용한 경우는 311명(25.3%), 3가지를 사용한 경우는 562명(45.6%), 4가지 이상을 사용한 경우는 233명(18.9%)으로, 70% 이상의 환자에서 3가지 이상의 항생제가 사용하였다. 사용 항생제의 종류는 ${\beta}$-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone, macrolide, 항진균제, metronidazole, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, glycopeptide, 그리고 fosfomycin 등으로 아주 다양하였다. 전체적인 그룹별 사용률을 보면 ${\beta}$-lactam은 57.0%, aminoglycoside는 34.5%, quinolone은 3.6% 그리고 기타 그룹은 4.9%로, ${\beta}$-lactam과 aminoglycoside가 가장 많이 사용되었다. 결 론 : 대부분의 환자에서 2가지 이상의 항생제의 병합요법이 보편화되어 있다는 점은 진지하게 검토되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 임상적으로 전신 세균 감염이 확실한 경우에도 원인 병원체를 찾아내기 위한 적극적인 노력이 부족한 경우도 상당수 있어 이에 대해서도 검사실과 함께 적극적인 개선의 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 수술 환자의 예방적 화학 요법에 대해서도 개선이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2006

Metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL) can hydrolyze all ${\beta}$-lactams except monobactams and frequently coexists with various antibiotic resistance genes such as aminoglycoside resistance, sulfonamide resistance gene, etc. Therefore, the effective antibiotics against infections by these bacteria are markedly limited or can't even be found. We tried to search in-vitro antimicrobial combinations with synergistic effects for a VIM-2 type MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from clinical specimen. On the selection of antibiotic combinations with synergistic effects, we performed a one disk synergy test, modified Pestel's method, in agar without aztreonam (AZT). The bacteriostatic synergistic effects of this tests were scored as $S_1$ (by susceptibility pattern in agar without antibiotics), $S_2$ (by the change of susceptibility in agar with or without antibiotics) and $S_3$ ($S_1$ + $S_2$) and was classified into weak (1 point), moderate (2 points) and strong (3 points) by $S_3$ score. Subsequently, we carried out the time-killing curve for the antibiotic combinations with the strong synergistic bacteriostatic effect. One VIM-2 type MBL producing P. aeruginosa confirmed by the PCR showed all resistance against all ${\beta}$-lactams except AZT, aminoglycoside and ciprofloxacin. In the one disk synergy test, this isolate showed a strong bacteriostatic synergistic effect for the antibiotic combination of AZT and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TZP) or AZT and amikacin (AN). On the time-killing curve after six hours of incubation, the colony forming units (CFUs/mL) of this bacteria in the medium broth with both combination antibiotics were decreased to 1/18.7, 1/17.1 of the least CFUs of each single antibiotics. The triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN was shown to be significantly synergistic after 8 hrs of exposure. In a VIM-2 MBL producing P. aeruginosa with susceptibility for AZT, the triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN may be considered as an alternative antibiotics modality against the infection by some MBL type. But the antimicrobial combination therapy for many more MBL producing isolates is essential to know as soon as possible for the selection of effective treatment against the infection by this bacteria.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.76-88
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 임상검체에서의 Enterococcus sp.의 균종별 분리현황을 조사하고, 분리균의 항생제 감수성 양상을 알아보는 한편, aminoglycoside계 항생제에 내성을 나타내는 균주를 대상으로 Rep-PCR을 실시하여 유전적인 다양성을 알아보고자 하였다. 각종 임상검체로부터 E. faecalis 49주, E. faecium 34주, E. avium 9주, E. gallinarum 4주, E. casseliflavus 3주, E. hirae 1주 등 총 100주를 분리하였다. 대부분 외래를 통하기보다는 입원환자의 검체로부터 분리됨을 관찰하면서 원내감염의 원인균 중의 하나임을 알 수 있었다. Urine과 pus, sputum에서 대부분의 균들이 분리되었고 E. faecalis와 E. faecium이 주 종을 이루었다. 항생제 감수성양상으로는 disk법과 ViteK GPS-430의 MIC결과와 유사하게 관찰 되었으며, 대부분의 Enterococcus sp.가 cephalosporin계 항생제에는 80% 정도의 내성을 보였다. E. faecalis의 경우 항생물질에 대해 고른 감수성양상을 볼 수 있었고, E. faecium의 경우 다른 Enterococcus sp.와는 차별적으로 항생물질에 대해 높은 내성 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 vancomycin에 대한 내성을 보이는 Enterococcus sp.는 전체 10%정도를 차지하였고 aminoglycoside계 항생제인 amikacin과 gentamicin에 대해서 높은 고도내성을 나타냈었고, streptomycin의 경우에는 50% 정도의 내성률을 나타내었다. Aminoglycoside계 항생제에 내성을 보이는 Enterococcus sp.를 대상으로 Rep-PCR을 실시하여 유전자 분획유형을 분석하였으나 유전적 다양성에 있어 크게 차이를 보이지 않아 DNA양상의 기원이 크게 다르지 않다는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 1998

Staphylococuus aureus and Escherichia coli is increasingly responsible for outbreaks of nosocomial infection around the world. Because serious infections due to these organisms currently necessiate use of non-$\beta$-lactam antimicrobial therapy and because strains is ofen resistant to many antimicrobial agents, infections with this organism are difficult to treat. Isolated strains from post operaton wounds of PNU hospital patient were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistant pattern and combined action to the 6 antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentraction of each antibiotic anc antibiotics combining in various ratios were measured by checkerboard dilution method. the synergism was determined through calculating the fractional inhibitory concentraction index (FICI). In case of S. aureus, 15 strains was shown to be highly sensitive to streptomycin and 13 strains to cephalothin. In case of E. coli, it is excellent senstitive 16 strains, sensitive 4 strains on cefoperazone, as like S. aureus, and thus the sensitive is most to be 66%. As the result of gaining MIC from S. aureus upon agar dilution method, MIC$_{50}$ was 8$\mu$g/ml, MIC$_{90}$ was 16$\mu$g/ml and thus the streptomycine is shown to be lowest. In case of E, coli, S. MIC$_{50}$ was 4$\mu$g/ml, MIC$_{90}$ was 16$\mu$g/ml, in streptomycin and thus is shown to be lower than S. aureus. As the result of comparing the resistance aspect of combining the antibiotics on S. aureus and E. coli, the resistant strain can be known to be reduced to the large range more than each 40% than combining with only aminoglycoside-series or cephalosporine-series. As the result of combining aminoglycoside-series, streptomycin and cephalothin or cefuroxime sensitive to S. aureus and E. coli in the above mentioned results, the increase or imporovement of effect is over 73% and 80%, respectively, thus the case od combining 2 antibiotics is shown to be better in the effect. Isolated strains from operating wounds were for the antimicrobial susceptibility. In case of S. aureus 15 strains was shown to be sensitive very much on streptomycin. In case of E. coli it is excellent sensitive 16 strains. As the results of combining aminoglycosides-series, streptomycin and cephalosporine series, cephalothin and cefuroxime, the increase or improvement of effect is over 73%, thus case of combining 2 antibiotics is shown to be better in the effect.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2017

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly dangerous nosocomial pathogens, cause the symptoms of skin infections, pressure sores, sepsis, blood stream and wound infections. Unfortunately, these pathogens are immune to the most common antibiotics, such as, carbapenem, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone. Therefore, it is imperative that new and effective antibiotics be developed. In the present study, the antimicrobial effects of Aloe vera MAP (modified Aloe polysaccharide) on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clinical Acinetobacter baumannii were comprehensibly investigated. Prior to the growth inhibition effect measurement and antibiotic disc diffusion assay on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and selected multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, antimicrobial resistance screening was performed for the multidrug-resistant bacteria obtained from clinical isolates. The results for showed the Aloe vera MAP had a concentration-dependent effect on all of examined bacteria, particularly on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant experiments were also performed dose dependently effects to confirm the beneficial physiological effects of Aloe vera MAP.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-1
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• pp.81-84
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• 2003

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are among the chlinically important antibiotics and a major structural feature is the existence of characteristic aminocyclitol aglycones [1]. Considering the structural features, aminoglycosides are classified in to two classes. The first are those containing fully substituted aminocyclitol such as streptomycin, hygromycin, fortimycin, etc. (omitted)

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.649-669
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• 2016

This study explored the analytical conditions for 21 veterinary antibiotics which have been popularly sold in South Korea in 2014 but have not yet been targeted in EPA method 1694. Most of the selected antibiotics were separated by a reverse-phase C18 column with a combination of (buffered) water and organic polar solvent, which was commonly methanol and acetonitrile in the gradient elution mode. Volatile additives such as formic acid, ammonium acetate and ammonium formate were usually added to the mobile phases to minimize asymmetrical and tailing of antibiotics' peaks and to increase their ionization in mass spectrometry. The analytical methods of aminoglycoside antibiotics were distinct from those of the other antibiotics in terms of adoption of ion-pair chromatography (IPC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) capable of retaining and separating extremely polar compounds due to their hydrophilicity. Trifluoroacetic acid or heptafluorobutyric acid was frequently added to the mobile phase as an ion-pair reagent for the IPC. Tandem mass spectrometry was numerously applied to the detection of antibiotics using positive electrospray ionization (ESI) and the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. All reviewed analytical methods had been/were validated by evaluating recovery, limits of detection and quantification, decision limit or detection capability of the methods.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2012

Background : The objective of this study was to examine the effect of management system for the appropriate prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgical patients at a tertiary hospital from 2007 to 2010. Methods : We collected clinical data of three different surgical procedures(colectomy, heart surgery, hysterectomy) for three months of 2007 and 2010, respectively. The number of total cases was 245(137, 54, 54) in 2007, 240(133, 42, 65) in 2010. We measured the rate of use of inappropriate prophylactic antibiotics, administration within 1 hour prior to the incision and the antibiotics prescription days after surgery. To evaluate the effectiveness of the management system, the results of the two groups(Group1=2007, Group2=2010) were compared by t-test, chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Result : The rate of Aminoglycoside uses decreased drastically from 11.4% to 0.8%(P<.001). The selection of 3rd/4th Cephalosporin dropped from 11.8% to 5.8%(P=.020). The combination of antibiotics decreased from 27.8% to 11.7%(P<.001). The antibiotic prescription rate on discharge declined from 11.8% to 2.5%(P<.001) and the number of antibiotics prescription days after surgery was shortened from 4.2 days to 2.3 days(P<.001). No significant difference in the rate of administration within 1 hour between two groups was found. Through 3-year management, 5 out of 6 measures were significantly improved(except the administration within 1 hour). The rate of surgical site infection decreased from 2.4% to 1.3%(P=.504). Conclusion : The findings demonstrate that the management system for the prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgical patients was effective in decreasing the rate of surgical site infection during 3 years.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.286-288
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• 2018

남자 대학생의 피부에서 분리한 Moraxella osloensis NP7는 베타-락탐과 아미노글리코사이드 항생제에 대해 내성을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 NP7 균주 유전체의 완전한 염기서열과 유전자 주석을 보고하고자 한다. NP7 균주는 원형 염색체와 7개의 플라스미드를 갖고 있다. 염색체는 43.9%의 G + C 함량을 갖는 2,389,582개의 염기쌍을 갖고 있으며, 단백질을 암호하는 2,065개의 유전자를 보유하고 있다. 전체 플라스미드는 평균적으로 40.5%의 G + C 함량을 갖는 654,202개의 염기쌍을 갖고 있으며, 단백질을 암호하는 667개의 유전자를 보유하고 있다. 염색체는 4개의 리보좀 RNA 오페론, 1개의 transfermessenger RNA 유전자, 47개의 tRNA 유전자, 3개의 핵산스위치 유전자 그리고 3개의CRISPR array를 포함하고 있으며, 1개의 CRISPR은 pNP7-1 플라스미드에 존재한다. 베타-락탐과 아미노글리코사이드 항생제에 내성을 부여하는 유전자는 pNP7-1 플라스미드에 존재하고 있다.