• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2012

To investigate the characteristics of $Gammakgeolli$ to which processed forms of persimmon were added, $Gokkam$, $Gammalaengi$, whole powder, peel powder, and paste were used as various processed forms. The moisture, total polyphenol, and soluble-solid contents of the persimmon used for making $Gammakgeolli$ showed a big difference according to the processed form of persimmon, and influenced the total polyphenol and alcohol contents of the $Gammakgeolli$. The pH and total acid of the $Gammakgeolli$, which were 3.7~4.1 and 0.20~0.29% (w/v), respectively, were similar to those of commercial $Makgeolli$. The amino acidity increased on the fifth day after fermentation from that on the third day, and showed relatively high levels in the whole power, peel power, and paste. The volatile-acid contents of the $Gammakgeolli$s were within the range of 80~100 ppm and showed the highest level in the persimmon-paste-treated sample. Among the major organic acids of $Gammakgeolli$ (oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic, and acetic acid), lactic acid had the highest concentration. The $Gammakgeolli$ to which hole power or paste was added showed a high level of yellowness and a good color in the sensatory evaluation. In the sensory evaluation (selection rate) of the taste and overall acceptability, the $Gammakgeolli$ treated with $Gammalaengi$ was the best.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Inhibitor kB (IkB)-like gene has been found in the genome of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), which is the obligatory symbiont of an endoparsitoid wasp, C. plutellae. The open reading frame of CpBV-IkB was 417 bp and encoded 138 amino acids. Four ankyrin repeat domains were found in CpBV-IkB, which shared high homology with other known polydnavirus IkBs. Considering a presumptive cellular IkB based on Drosophila Cactus, CpBV-IkB exhibited a truncated structure with deletion of signal-receiving domains, which suggested its irreversible inhibitory role in NFkB signal transduction pathway of the parasitized host in response to the wasp parasitization. CpBV-IkB was expressed only in the parasitized diamondback moth, Plutella flostella. Its expression was estimated by quantitative RT-PCR during parasitization period, showing a constitutive expression pattern from the first day of parasitization. An indirect functional analysis of CpBV-IkB was conducted and suggested a hypothesis of host antivirus inhibition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1258-1264
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• 2009

In this study, effects of feeding Holstein cows with TMR feed, which includes un-dried citrus byproducts, on the nutritional components of their raw milk were investigated. Two kinds of raw milk from primipara cows and multipara cows were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows not fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). For both primipara and multipara cows, there was no statistically meaningful difference between T0 and T1 in terms of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash contents or caloric content. T1 showed a lower amount of cholesterol in raw milk for both primipara and multipara cows, which was especially statistically meaningful in multipara cows (p<0.05). Regarding mineral contents in raw milk, T1 showed significantly higher amounts of Na and S in primipara cows, and Na, Cu, Fe, S in multipara cows, respectively. For both primipara and multipara cows, there were no statistically meaningful differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the total amount of amino acids in the raw milk, the composition of saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid, vitamin A, E, $B_2$ or $\beta$-carotene, while T1 showed significantly higher levels of vitamin $B_1$ in primipara cows than T0.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the causative genetic mutation in a family with non-syndromic oligodontia. The 7-year-old female proband and her mother underwent oral examination, panoramic radiographs were obtained and blood samples were collected. All exons of the PAX9 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequencing results were compared with the standard human gene sequence. The proband lacked 11 permanent teeth, and her mother lacked 19 permanent teeth. No other birth defects were observed. As a result of gene analysis, there was a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.184G>T, $p.Glu62^*$) in exon 2 in both affected subjects. It is suspected that the nonsense mutation leads premature termination of translation, yields a truncated protein 280 amino acids shorter than the wild-type protein. These defects include parts of the paired box domain, a DNA-binding site that plays an essential role in protein function. Otherwise, more likely the mutant transcript would be degraded by nonsense-mediated decay system, resulting haploinsufficiency to cause oligodontia in this family.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1998

Quality evaluation of fish muscle was conducted in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus fed with control or experimental diet containing 0.3% of Obosan (Sungam Co., Korea). Sensory panel members preferred the experimental fish were more preferable than those of control (P<0.01 or 0.05). The difference test was shown that the experimental fish muscle is more firm elastic and palatable than the control ones (P<0.01 or 0.05). The physical properties of meats from fish fed a diet containing Obosan improved qualities with compared to those of control meats. The total amount of free amino acids in muscles from control fish (31.7 mg/100mg), especially with the significant increase of glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine and methionine. In all nucleotides and their related compounds, ATP was the most abundant in muscles from fish fed a diet containing Obosan (about 1.9 fold compared to mean of control), however, IMP was more abundant in control muscles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.361-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to improve the Prunus mume vinegar production. The most suitable concentration of the Prunus mume juice was 6%. Static fermentation was a more suitable process for acetic acid fermentation of the Prunus mume vinegar than shaking fermentation. Major components of the organic acids were acetic, citric, tartaric and malic acid at 4.2, 1.2, 0.3, and 0.1%, respectively. Also, major components of the free sugars were glucose and fructose, and 80.96 mg% of asparagine was included in the Prunus mume vinegar as a main free amino acid. Alcohol components of the Prunus mume vinegar were n-propyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2011

Genetic determinant for metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich protein playing essential roles in metal detoxification and homeostasis, was characterized in the Korean bitterling (Acheilognathus signifer, Cyprinidae), an endemic fish species. The full-length A. signifer MT (AsMT) cDNA (551 bp) is composed of a single open-reading frame (ORF) to encode a polypeptide of 60 amino acids containing 20 cysteine residues whose positions are conserved in most cypriniform MTs. At the genomic level, the AsMT (2,593 bp spanning the 5'-flanking region to the 3'-untranslated region) represented a conserved tripartite (three exons interrupted by two introns) structure with AT-rich introns. The upstream regulatory region (-1,914 bp from the ATG initiation codon) of AsMT displayed various sites and motifs for transcription factors involved in the metal-mediated regulation and stress/immune responses. The AsMT transcript was ubiquitously detected in various organs with variable expression levels, where the ovary and intestine showed the highest expression, while the heart and skeletal muscle represented the lowest level. During an exposure to copper (immersion in $0.5\;{\mu}M$ Cu for 48 h), the levels of AsMT transcripts were significantly elevated in the liver (more than 3.5-fold), moderately in the gill, kidney, and spleen (ranging from 1.5- to 2.5-fold), and barely in the brain and intestine. Results of this study could form a useful basis to explore the metal-related stress physiology of this endangered fish species.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.395-407
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• 1996

A feeding experiment for 160 days was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the apparent digestibility, ammonia excretion and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven diets containing $0\~70\%$ SBM were formulated based on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric basis of $44\%$ crude protein and approximately 4,200 Kcal/kg of gross energy. To evaluate the nutritional utilization of the SBM diets at the end of 60 and 120-day rearing with test diets, digestion rates of protein and lipid of SBM diets were measured. Fish fed the diets containing above $46\%$ SBM showed higher apparent digestibility for protein, but lower for lipid than did fish fed the control diet in both trials. Protein and fat contents in the carcass were similar for all experimental fish, except for fish fed $58\%$ and $70\%$ SBM which showed lower fat content than the others, but composition of fatty acid and amino acids were not affected by dietary SBM levels. Gill and urinary post-prandial ammonia ($NH_3-N$) excretions were measured at 12 and 24 hours after single feeding of the experimental diets. Excretions of $NH_3-N$ measured after 24 hours were almost 1 times higher than those measured after 12 hours. Total excretion fer the 24 hours by fish fed $70\%$ SBM was $15\%$ higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Results of present study may suggest that the rainbow trout which were fed above $34%\;or\;46\%$ of SBM diet showed a decrease gradually in lipid bioavailability compared to the control group.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2008

We isolated complementary DNA(cDNA) encoding prolactin receptor(PRLR) from gill of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Its PRLR cDNA consists of 1,611 base pairs and encodes the protein of 536 amino acids. To investigate the osmoregulatory abilities of black porgy in different salinities(35, 10 and 0 psu), we examined the expression of PRLR mRNA in osmoregulatory organs(gill, kidney and intestine) using reverse transcription(RT)-PCR. In gill and intestine, PRLR mRNA levels were high in 10 psu, and then decreased in 0 psu, but there is no changes in kidney. Also, plasma osmolality, $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ levels decreased during the experimental period. These results suggest that PRLR plays an important role in hormonal regulation in osmoregulatory organs during freshwater acclimation, thereby improving the hyper-osmoregulatory ability of black porgy in hypoosmotic environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1162-1167
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• 2008

This study was to investigate the chemical compositions of germinated (GSS)- and ungerminated (UGSS)-safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds. GSS had higher amount of sugar and crude fiber than UGSS, but less amounts of protein and lipid. Levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol and essential amino acids of GSS were higher than those of UGSS, although there are no difference in fatty acid composition between GSS and UGSS. Among the nine phenolic compounds detected, five phenolic compounds, except for two lignans and two flavonoids, were found in both GSS and UGSS. Four serotonin derivatives accounted for about 80 per cent of total phenolic compounds, and levels of five phenolic compounds decreased slightly with germination. These results suggest that germination may enhance the functionality of safflower seed by increasing nutritional compositions and by decreasing phenolic compounds with bitter taste and cathartic effects.