• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2006

Physiological, biochemical and genetic studies of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a workhorse of white biotechnology used for amino acid production, led to a waste knowledge mainly about amino acid biosynthetic pathways and the central carbon metabolism of this bacterium. Spurred by the availability of the genome sequence and of genome-based experimental methods such as DNA microarray analysis, research on genetic regulation came into focus. Recent progress on mechanisms of genetic regulation of the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus metabolism in C. glutamicum will be discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.871-884
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• 2009

Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for identifying critical genes and pathways in metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the expression of genes associated with metabolism and metabolic regulation in liver and mammary tissues of lactating cows. We used the Michigan State University bovine metabolism (BMET) microarray; previously, we have designed a bovine metabolism-focused microarray containing known genes of metabolic interest using publicly available genomic internet database resources. This is a high-density array of 70mer oligonucleotides representing 2,349 bovine genes. The expression of 922 genes was different at p<0.05, and 398 genes (17%) were differentially expressed by two-fold or more with 222 higher in liver and 176 higher in mammary tissue. Gene ontology categories with a high percentage of genes more highly expressed in liver than mammary tissues included carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, glucoenogenesis, propanoate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, electron carrier and donor activity), lipid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation, chylomicron/lipid transport, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, steroid metabolism, ketone body formation), and amino acid/nitrogen metabolism (amino acid biosynthetic process, amino acid catabolic process, urea cycle, and glutathione metabolic process). Categories with more genes highly expressed in mammary than liver tissue included amino acid and sugar transporters and MAPK, Wnt, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Real-time PCR analysis showed consistent results with those of microarray analysis for all 12 genes tested. In conclusion, microarray analyses clearly identified differential gene expression profiles between hepatic and mammary tissues that are consistent with the differences in metabolism of these two tissues. This study enables understanding of the molecular basis of metabolic adaptation of the liver and mammary gland during lactation in bovine species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2016

Background: The present study aimed to compare the relative abundance of proteins and amino acid metabolites to explore the mechanisms underlying the difference between wild and cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) at the amino acid level. Methods: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were used to identify the differential abundance of proteins between wild and cultivated ginseng. Total amino acids in wild and cultivated ginseng were compared using an automated amino acid analyzer. The activities of amino acid metabolism-related enzymes and the contents of intermediate metabolites between wild and cultivated ginseng were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Our results showed that the contents of 14 types of amino acids were higher in wild ginseng compared with cultivated ginseng. The amino acid metabolism-related enzymes and their derivatives, such as glutamate decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine, all had high levels of accumulation in wild ginseng. The accumulation of sulfur amino acid synthesis-related proteins, such as methionine synthase, was also higher in wild ginseng. In addition, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related enzymes as well as their intermediates had high levels of accumulation in wild ginseng. Conclusion: This study elucidates the differences in amino acids between wild and cultivated ginseng. These results will provide a reference for further studies on the medicinal functions of wild ginseng.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in ra. Thirty male rats (body weight 145$\pm$2g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the first group were fed on casein 20% diet as animal protein source and those in the second group were fed on soy 20% diet as plant protein source. Sulfur amino acid ratio of these group was 1.07:1. The rats in the third group were fed on soy 20% diet and the sulfur amino acid were supplemented with the amount contained as much in the soy 20% diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks, The total body, spine, femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline, creatinine in urine and calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin in serum were measured. During the experimental period, plant protein (soy protein) group had a lower urinary Ca excretion, urine pyridinoline ＆ crosslinks value and had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein) group. There were no significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin among the three groups of the rats. The findings from this study demonstrated that plant protein (soy protein) is beneficial of bone mineral density because it had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein). However, the supplementation of sulfur amino acid on soy results were consistent with prior studies that dietary sulfur amino acid load had a negative effect on calcium balance. The rats fed sulfur amino acid supplementation diet increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium efficiency for total and femur mineral density. Therefore, dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content influence bone metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 100-107, 2004)

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1964

A comparative study of free amino acid content in healthy and virus diseased tobacco leaves was carried out by author throughout the gorwing season from June to November of 1963. The methods of qualitative analysis of free amino acids applied in this experiment is followed by Moore and Stein. 1,2 Free amino acids determined in this experiment are shown in Fig. Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Table Ⅰ. As the figure and the table are shown, four more amino acids such as a spartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine are detected in the healthy leaves; these four additional amino acids in the healthy leaves are conspicuous. More quantities of asparagine and alanine are detected in the diseased leaves than the healthy leaves and more quantities of tryptophan is detected in the healthy leaves. It is presumed that such amino acids as tyrosine and phenyllanine are decreased by the incooperation of free amino acid to TMV protein in the process of the process of the leaf protein metabolism which is caused by TMV-RNA trapping action in the diseased leaf protoplasm. It is thought that the decrease of asparagine and the increase of asparic acid in the healthy leaves are the results of in incooperaton of NH2, produced by the protein dissimilation in the diseased leaves, to aspartic acid; it's reaction is caused by the respiration of the diseased leaves accelerated by TMV attack. It is presumed, consequently, that the check of the diseased tobacco leave growth is influenced by the reduction of such amino acids as tryptophane and glutamic acid, which reduction may be due to the abnormal protein metabolism and the action of certain enzyme caused by TMV attack on host protoplast.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2018

Alterations in sulfur amino acid metabolism are associated with an increased risk of a number of common late-life diseases, which raises the possibility that metabolism of sulfur amino acids may change with age. The present study was conducted to understand the age-related changes in hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acids in 2-, 6-, 18- and 30-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. For this purpose, metabolite profiling of sulfur amino acids from methionine to taurine or glutathione (GSH) was performed. The levels of sulfur amino acids and their metabolites were not significantly different among 2-, 6- and 18-month-old mice, except for plasma GSH and hepatic homocysteine. Plasma total GSH and hepatic total homocysteine levels were significantly higher in 2-month-old mice than those in the other age groups. In contrast, 30-month-old mice exhibited increased hepatic methionine and cysteine, compared with all other groups, but decreased hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine and homocysteine, relative to 2-month-old mice. No differences in hepatic reduced GSH, GSH disulfide, or taurine were observed. The hepatic changes in homocysteine and cysteine may be attributed to upregulation of cystathionine ${\beta}-synthase$ and down-regulation of ${\gamma}-glutamylcysteine$ ligase in the aged mice. The elevation of hepatic cysteine levels may be involved in the maintenance of hepatic GSH levels. The opposite changes of methionine and SAM suggest that the regulatory role of SAM in hepatic sulfur amino acid metabolism may be impaired in 30-month-old mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.4-9
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• 1957

Effects of antibioties on micro-organism have been reported by many scientists, such as Krampitz and Werkman, Fisher, Gale and Rodwell, Klimick Cavalito and Bailey, Umbreit, etc. On the mechanism by which penicillin act, Fisher(1947), Platt(1947), and Cavallito, considered that penicillin might act on bacteria by inhibiting with the normal function of SH-group of glutathione in the metabolism of the cell. Resenbrance of penicillin to gultathione in structure and the inactivation of penicillin by cysteine make us approve of the above inhibiting theory of SH-group. Galland (1947) and Schmidt (1947) reported that penicillin inhibited the activity of ribonuclease, Phosphatase, and mononucleotidase. Gale (1948) discovered that the gram positive bacteria had lost the power to uptake glutamic acid by ribonucleic acid in the medium contained penicillin: growth of gram positive organism was inhibited by the results that penicillin inhibited the uptake of amino acid byribonucleic acid, acting on ribonucleic acid of gram positive bacteria. Hotchkiss (1950) cultured S. aureus in the medium contained glucose and amino acids, and studied the effect of penicillin on protein synthesis. Peptide formation in living cells was inhibited by penicillin, while amono acid was utilized as before the addition of penicillin. On the otherhand, Binkley (1951) found penicillin interfered hydrolase of glutath one, and Hans (1950) reported penicillin inhibited the transpeptidation. On the machanism by which streptomycin acts. Cohen (1947) reported steptomycin made a irreversible complex with desoxyribonucleic acid, by the fact that desoxyribonucleic acid formed the precipitates with diguanide group of steptomycin. Zeller (1951) reported, on the other hand, streptomycin inhibited diamine oxidease. Geiger (1947) and Umbreit (1949) reported that steptomycin inhibited condensation of oxaloacetate and pyruvate in E. Coli and Oginsky et al (1949) reported steptomycin inhibited oxaloacetate-pyruvate reaction in Kreb's cycle. On the mechanism by which terramycin acts, Hahn & Wisseman (1951) reported that the formation of adaptive enzyme was inhibited by terramycin in E. Coli cultivated in the medium contained loctose, and that the protein synthesis was inhibited by terramycin. However, effects of antibiotics on amino acid metabolism have not been discussed much in spite of its important role in living cells. Especislly, effects of anitibiotics on higher plants have scarcely been reported. Here, to prove the effect of antibiotics on higher plants, and the mechanism by which, through amino acid metabolism, they promote or inhibit growth of plants, amino acids in bean plants treated with penicillin, streptomycin, and terramycin were analyzed by paper chromatography. And to clarify the antagonis of cysteine (as SH-group) against penicillin, through amino acid metabolism, amino acids in bean plants treated with cystene and penicillin, at the same time, were also analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1967

Kim, Jong Hyup., (Div. of Biology, Atomic Energy Research Institute,Korea.;) Studies on the Cellulor Metabolism in Microorganisms as influenced by Gamma-irradiation(III): On the Changes of Free Amino acid Pool and content of Protein in Yeast clls irradiated by .gamma.-ray. 1. The strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had been cultured synchronously in aerobic condition and irradiatel by gamma-ray from the source of cobalt-60. Drying in vacuum oven at $90^{\circ}C$ C over 12 hours, then changes of protein content (Kjeldahl) and free amino acid pool have been assayed with use of spectrophotometer. Results obtained were compared with those of unirradiated normal cells. 2. It is proved that amount of protein content in the irradiated cells increases to seven percent more than those of normal cells in the same weight of dried samples. It seems like carbohydrate breakown had been stimulated by irradiation and that relative contents of protein shows higher values than those of normal in the same weight of samples. 3. The amount of free amino acid pool in the irradiated cells shows less value about ten percent than those of normal cells, and rate of decreasing is also weak than those of standard reagent solution of amino acid. We may assume that free amino acid pool would be protected against radiation damage in living cells and more stable than in vitro. 4. The component of free amino acid pool have been assayed on second dimensional paper chromatogram, and the identified amino acids are as follows; aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, cystine, lysine, glycine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine and leucine. 5. Distributional presence of free amino acids are identical to that of normal cells except arginine, it is cosumable that radiation effect is univerlsal to all amino acid. However it is obvious that there are differences in radiolabilities of amino acids in irradiated cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.336-340
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• 1995

Urinary excretion of total amino acids was measrued in normal and diabetic rats, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats excreted increased amount of urinary total amino acids and nitrogen. This suggested increased degradation of body protein. Although excretion of total amino acids increased in the diabetic rats, the amino acid pattern of amino acids for both groups were very similar. The efficiency of dietary protein utilization was significantly lower in diabetic rats then that of normal rats. Streptozotocin injeciton affected the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine whereas diet did not. These findings suggest that the rate of urinary excretion of total amino acids can be empolyed as an index of protein metabolism, particulary as a simple index in the assesing the status of protein nutrition.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1961

Ethanol extracts of Mung Bean seeds and seedings were analysed by 2-dimensional and circular paper partion chromatography for Nitrogen compounds as a part of the study on the Amino acids metabolism. In the seeds, 18 ninhydrin positive substances were present, before germination, but the number increased to 21 after germination. There were 3 unknown substances and one of it formed newly after germination. After 2-days germination, the amount of amides, such as Asparagine and Glutamine. where increased very large which were very small amount before it. Those were accumulated more in dark place than in light and the amount of Asparigine were more than that of Glutamine. Through the germination, there were large amount of Glutarmic acid, Aspartic acid and Alanine which seems to be concerned in transamination reaction in seedings. Valine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine increased to considerable amount after germination. This is very remarkable fact as those Amino acids were reported to be concerned in transamination reaction recently. ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid was detected in both Cotyledon and Embroy through the germination. It seemed that there is no any Nitrogen Metabolism in the unbroken seed even if it is preserved very long period.