• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.464-468
• /
• 2015

Our government has performed to support the nation-wide application of customized fertilizer based on soil-testing results and crop nutrient balance in order to promote the environment-friendly agriculture and to respond the global environment guide-line since 2010. This study was performed at the selected local paddy fields (Hwaseong-si, Uiseong-gun and Miryang-si) with different soil chemical properties in 2012. The contents of amino acids measured showed an increasing trend with fertilization, and glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid followed by aspartic acid, leucine and alanine. However, valine, isoleusine, tyrosine and lysine were not significantly affected by fertilization. The significant differences in grain N, expressed as a crude protein, and amino acids dose was observed between experimental sites (p<0.001), treatments (p<0.01 to 0.001) and interaction of both factors (p<0.01 to 0.001). In our experiment the following order of carbon skeleton backbones to produce amino acids was observed irrespective of experiment sites and fertilization: ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate > oxalate > pyruvate > 3-phosphoglycerate > phosphoenolpyruvate. In conclusion, customized fertilizer had no difference in amino acids compared to the conventional-NPK practice which was higher than in no fertilization, and also the normal paddy represented slightly higher amino acids compared to the reclaimed. Further study based on the present results is required to investigate what is main factor to amino acids between genetic and environmental factors.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.103-113
• /
• 1974

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.353-361
• /
• 1990

A number of correlation and regression analyses were performed on data from apparent and true digestibility of amino acids at ileal and fecal level with finishing pigs, in order to investigate whether these amino acid digestibilities could be predicted with certainly degree on their fiber fractions content (chemical analysis). The data comprised 16 diets varying in 4 levels of crude fiber and from 4 fiber sources. The relationships between fiber fractions including crude fiber (CF), NDF, ADF lignin and cellulose contents on apparent and true digestibility of almost all amino acids in both ileal and fecal level were negative, except glutamine at fecal level. In apparent digestibility at ileal level, the correlations of fiber fractions were moderate (r of NDF = 0.53 to 0.63; ADF, 0.50 to 0.77; cellulose, 0.50 to 0.75), with an exception of CF content was relatively high (r of 0.58 to 0.81). The correlations to true digestibility of amino acids were weaker. In case of at fecal level, the higher correlation (negative) was found with NDF than CF content. Estimations of amino acids digestibility were performed using regression equation. The data showed that apparent digestibility of amino acids could be estimated for almost amino acids except arginine, threonine, valine and tyrosine at fecal level and phenylalaine, valine and glycine at ileal level. The best prediction at ileal and fecal level ($r^2=0.55-0.77$ and 0.52-0.76), respectively was obtained with NDF content. Prediction for true digestibility of amino acids, none of fiber fractions could be estimated for arginine, leucine and valine at all collection levels. At ileal level, CF could be used for most of amino acids except phenylalanine, glycine and praline; cellulose, only for lysine and methionine and NDF, only for proline. At fecal level, glutamine digestibility could be estimated only from CF and ADF content. The best predictor at ileal level was ADF content whereas at fecal level was NDF content. These results indicate that lignin content could not be used as predictor for all amino acids at both levels neither in apparent nor true digestibility.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.12
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 1969

The purpose of this study was to determine protein amino acid contents of some Korean foods by gas-liquid chromatography, and to evaluate this technique as a procedure for the quantitative determination of amino acids in foods. The crude protein content of foods was also estimated from the nitrogen content. 1. Nitrogen content of each food sample was determined previously to adjust the amount of sample for GLC analysis 2. In the analysis of 17 known amino acids, a linear relationship was found between the weight of 13 amino acids of 17 amino acids, the internal standard as well as the injection volume of a mixture and the detector responses for the derivatives of the amino acids. No response for arginine, cystein, histidine, and tyrosine was observed. 3. The relative molar response (RMR) values for the 13 amino acids of standard solution relative to glutamic acid as '1.00' were obtained under normal operating conditions with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. 4. The recovery of amino acids from their mixtures with natural food materials was carried out. The recoveries were essentially quantitative except threonine and serine. An overall mean recovery of 11 amino acids was $101.4{\pm}8.4$ per cent before hydrolysis and $98.1{\pm}8.7$ per cent after hydrolysis of samples. 5. The comparative analysis of the acid hydrolysates of two food samples by gas-liquid and ion-exchange chromatographic analysis were carried out. In white-bait pemmican, only threonine and asparagine amounts by GLC analysis had similar values to those obtained by ion-exchange chromatography. The other seven amino acids gave higher values as measured by GLC than by ion-exchange. With the food sample, soybean, alanine, valine, asparagine, and glutamic acid were in good agreement in two analysis, while leucine, proline, threonine, phenylalanine, and lysine were found in slightly higher concentrations in the GLC analysis. 6. Grant variations of amino acid content were found among samples analyzed. The amino acid contents of each sample were compared with the values found in the literature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1986

In order to isolate and clarify the antioxygenic substances from the browning reaction products, the antioxidant activity of various amino acids and their browning reaction products were measured when they were reacted with xylose. Among nonpolar amino acids Met and Trp appeared to have stronger antioxidant effect than others. Most of polar and basic amino acids, however, did not have antioxidant activity. Ser and Cys showed a rather slight prooxidant effect. The browning reaction products of Trp and His had a higher level of antioxidant activity than that they were reacted as free amino acids. But the browning product of Met did not show the antioxidant activity. When all amino acids were divided on their polar characteristics, the higher optical density of the browning reaction products showed, the stronger antioxidant activity revealed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 1989

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the contents and distribution of amino acids in the hydrolysates of humic acids extracted from 3 plant materials. Wild grass hay, and leaves of forest trees were used in this study. Seventeen amino acids were analyzed and their amounts determined. Results obtained from the experiments are summarized in the following: 1. Contents and distribution of hydrolyzable amino acids in the humic acid fractions depend on the kind of plant materials and the allowed time for humification. 2. Neutral amino acids was the largest part of the total amino acids, followed by acidic amino acids, and basic amino acids. 3. The total amounts of amino acids in the hydrolyzable humic acid fractions of well humified residues were in the following order: wild grass hay > leaves of deciduous trees > leaves of coniferous trees 4. In general the relative amounts of lysine increased with humification progressing. S. Glycine and glutamic acid were the two major amino acids in common for the hydrolysate of humic acids extracted from well decomposed residues of plant materials. Alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, aspartic acid and leucine were the five major amino acid in common in raw materials without exception. 6. Arginine appeared to be absent in any of the hydrolysates of humic acids from well humified plant materials. 7. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were present in all hydrolysates and their relative contents increased with the humification of plant materials.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.197-201
• /
• 2015

Liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation of ${\alpha}$-amino acids and their methyl and ethyl esters as fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatives was performed using a recently developed chiral column (Chiralpak IE) based on polysaccharide derivative under simultaneous UV detection and fluorescence detection. The degree of enantiomer separation of ${\alpha}$-amino acid esters as FMOC derivatives is generally higher than that of the corresponding ${\alpha}$-amino acids. Especially, ${\alpha}$-amino acid methyl esters showed the greatest enantioseparation. As this method developed in this study can be applied to determine the chemical and optical purity of ${\alpha}$-amino acids and esters, it is expected to be quite useful for their chiral separation using Chiralpak IE.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.305-309
• /
• 1995

The enantiomeric separation of several amino acid derivatives by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using two (R)-and (S)-naphthylethylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin(NEC-β-CD) bonded stationary phases was studied to illustrate the chiral recognition model of the enantiomeric separation. The retention and enantioselectivity of the chiral separations with (R)-and (S)-NEC-β-CD bonded phases were compared with similar separations with the native β-CD stationary phases. Especially, the enantioselectivity and elution orders between the derivatized amino acid enantiomers are carefully examined. These results can be illustrated by the chiral recognition models involving inclusion complexation, π-π interaction, and/or hydrophobic interaction. Inclusion complexation and hydrophobic interaction of the naphthyl group of the NEC moiety seem to be major chiral recognition components in the enantiomeric separation of 2,4-dinitrophenyl amino acids and dabsyl amino acids on (R)-and (S)-NEC-β-CD columns. For dansyl amino acids, only the inclusion complexation is the dominant factor. Three different chiral recognition models containing π-π interaction, inclusion complexation and hydrogen bonding were proposed for the separation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl amino acid enantiomers, depending on the size and shape of amino acids.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 1995

Essential and non-essential amino acids supplemented to culture medium stimulate mammalian embryo development in vitro. Amino acids such as glycine, taurine and alanine are concentrated in the lumen of oviduct and uterus and it can he thought that these amino acids may have physiological role on fertilization and embryo development. Our aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine supplemented to fertilization medium on the cleavage and subsequent in vitro development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Immature oocytes were obtained from slaughtered Holstein cows and heifers and matured in TCM199 containing 10% fetal calf serum, 2.5 $\mu$g /mL of FSH and LH and 1 $\mu$g / mL of estradiol with granulosa cells in vitro. After maturation, oocytes were coincubated with sperm in fertilization medium supplemented with Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine (3.75 mM) or glycine (10 mM) for 30 hours in vitro. Inseminated oocytes were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOEM) containing MEM essential, non-essential amino acids and 1 mM glutarnine up to 8 days after fertilization.Supplementation of fertilization medium with MEM essential and non-essential amino acids lowered significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.001) the cleavage rate after 30 hours of IVF (53.3%) and at Day 3 (62.7%: Day 0: the day of I VF) compared to control (64.3% and 77.3%, respectively). Subsequent developmental rates to morulae (Mo) and expanding blastocysts (ExBL) also significantly decreased (p<0.001 and p<0.05 for Mo and ExBL) when oocytes were coincubated with sperm in the medium containing MEM amino acids. Taurine added to fertilization medium have not increased the cleavage rate over the control, whereas glycine showed significantly lower (p<0.01) cleavage rate at Day 3 than that of taurine, but there was no significant difference in the developmental rates to Mo and ExBL of bovine embryos irrespective of the supplementation of taurine or glycine to fertilization medium. In conclusion, supplementation of fertilization medium with essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine has no beneficial effect on in vitro cleavage and development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilization in vitro.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.979-982
• /
• 2003

Two rapeseed meal samples (Sample A, hybrid 5900 and sample B, double low rapeseed No.4) obtained from China and one Canola meal sample obtained from a local crushing plant in Canada were used to investigate the amino acid degradability of rapeseed/Canola meal in rumen and amino acid digestibility of ruminal incubation residues by precision-fed rooster bioassay. Results show that in ruminal incubation the degradation rate of non amino acid nitrogen in crude protein is higher than that for amino acid nitrogen in crude protein, the results also suggest that the degradation rate of amino acid nitrogen in Chinese rapeseed meal sample B was lower than that for Canadian Canola, but that in Chinese rapeseed meal sample A is much close to that for Canadian canola meal. For all amino acids the digestibility of the bypass or residual protein as measured by the precision-fed rooster bioassay tended to be lower for Chinese rapeseed meal sample A than for sample B or Canadian canola meal which had similar digestibility values. However following a calculation of total amino acid availability, involving the digestibility of amino acids in the rumen and rooster bioassay the results are less contradictory. Results indicated that in traditional roasting-expelling process, heat treatment, especially dry heat treatmeat could decrease amino acids degradability in rumen of rapeseed/canola meal, but also may decrease total availability of amino acids of rapeseed/canola meal.