• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1999

Higher and uniform germination should be necessary because many commercial pepper (Capsicum annum L.) seedlings were nowadays sold to farmer. The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of its cultivars (Daemyung; Wanggochu), GA$_3$ (concentration; period), light quality (red; far-red; blue; dark) during GA$_3$imbibition, and germination temperature (GT: 25 or 15$^{\circ}C$ constant; 25/15$^{\circ}C$ alternating) on the rate of germination done under incandescent lamps until 9 days after sowing. Final seed germination was not different between GA$_3$0 to 1.0 mM concentrations but the elapsed days to 50% germination $(T_{50})$ were more reduced by GA$_3$ treatment than water imbibition. Under $25^{\circ}C$ constant germination temperature, earlier germination was enhanced by GA$_3$treatment showing the lowest rate at darkness, although the final germination rates of water imbibition and GA$_3$ treatments were same. The final germination rates of alternating and 25 $^{\circ}C$ constant GT in cv. Daemyng was also equal, while the germination rates of $25^{\circ}C$ and 15$^{\circ}C$ constant GT were the highest and the lowest regardless of cultivars. There was no difference between light quality treatments impelled during GA$_3$ imbibition when light treated seeds were germinated at alternating and $25^{\circ}C$ constant GT. At 15$^{\circ}C$ constant GT, however, red light or dark treatment during GA$_3$imbibition increased the germination rate since 5 days after sowing.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.526-529
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• 2001

The study was conducted to investigate quality changes of red pepper by different shelf temperatures after storage at $7^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Red pepper fruits produced high volume of $C_2H_4$ and $CO_2$ when alternating temperatures exceeded $10^{\circ}C$. Total sugar contents were not different among all the treatments. In contrast, sucrose content decreased about half at higher shelf temperature conditions than at $7^{\circ}C$. Capsaicinoid content was not influenced by alternating temperature, but ascorbic acid content tended to decrease by high shelf temperature after storage at $7^{\circ}C$. Decay did not occur under $13^{\circ}C$, while it occurred in 22.2% of hits at $15^{\circ}C$ and 68.8% at room temperature, respectively. From this results, it is suggested that the optimum shelf temperature of red pepper after low temperature storage should be under $13^{\circ}C$ and that fruits of red pepper stored at $7^{\circ}C$ for 30 days could be sold within 10 days on the shelf.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Cell segmentation is an important but time-consuming and laborious task in biological image analysis. An automated, robust, and fast method is required to overcome such burdensome processes. These needs are, however, challenging due to various cell shapes, intensity, and incomplete boundaries. A precise cell segmentation will allow to making a pathological diagnosis of tissue samples. A vast body of literature exists on cell segmentation in microscopy images [1]. The majority of existing work is based on input images and predefined feature models only - for example, using a deformable model to extract edge boundaries in the image. Only a handful of recent methods employ data-driven approaches, such as supervised learning. In this paper, we propose a novel data-driven cell segmentation algorithm for bright-field microscopy images. The proposed method minimizes an energy formula defined by two dictionaries - one is for input images and the other is for their manual segmentation results - and a common sparse code, which aims to find the pixel-level classification by deploying the learned dictionaries on new images. In contrast to deformable models, we do not need to know a prior knowledge of objects. We also employed convolutional sparse coding and Alternating Direction of Multiplier Method (ADMM) for fast dictionary learning and energy minimization. Unlike an existing method [1], our method trains both dictionaries concurrently, and is implemented using the GPU device for faster performance.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

We synthesized a low band gap alternating copolymer containing electron-rich units (i.e. dithienosiloles and benzodithiophenes) and electron-deficient units (i.e. difluorobenzothiadiazoles) for high performance organic solar cells. The polymer was prepared by the Stille coupling reaction and characterized using $^1H$ NMR, GPC, TGA, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Solar cells were fabricated in a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer: $PC_{70}BM/Al$ with five different blending ratios of polymer and $PC_{70}BM$ (1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:3.5 and 1:4 by weight ratio). The best efficiency was achieved from the 1:3 ratio of polymer and $PC_{70}BM$ in the photoactive layer, and TEM revealed that there is an optimal nanoscale phase separation between polymer and $PC_{70}BM$ in the 1:3 ratio blend film.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2003

The integrity of the turbine rotors can be assessed by measuring the material properties at service temperature. In order to evaluate the remanent life of turbine rotor steel nondestructively, a measurement system of reversible magnetic permeability using an alternating perturbing magnetic field was constructed. We present a new non-destructive method to evaluate the remanent life of 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel using the value of reversible magnetic permeability. This method is based on the existence of reversible magnetic permeability in the differential magnetization around the coercive field strength. We measured the first harmonics voltage induced in a coil using a lock-in amplifier tuned to an exciting frequency. The Results of reversible magnetic Permeability and Wickers hardness on the aged samples show that the peak interval of reversible magnetic permeability (PIRMP) and Vickers hardness decreases as aging time increases. A softening curve is obtained from the correlation between Vickers hardness and the PIRMP. This curve can be used as a non-destructive method to evaluate the remanent life of turbine rotor steel.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.18-35
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• 2010

Facies analysis of the Late Triassic Hajo Formation, the lowest stratigraphic unit in the Chungnam Basin, shows that the lower part is composed mainly of breccias or conglomerates; the middle part, conglomerates; and the upper part, conglomerates and sandstones. The formation consists of 13 facies, which include horizontally stratified clastsupported conglomerate, clast-supported massive breccia, matrix-supported massive breccia or conglomerate, matrixsupported graded conglomerate, massive pebbly sandstone, horizontally laminated sandstone, massive sandstone, graded sandstone, inversely graded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, low angle crossbedded sandstone, and massive mudstone. These are grouped into 4 facies associations (FA). FA I consisted of clastsupported and matrix-supported massive breccias presumably deposited in the talus or upper fan delta environment. FA II consists of matrix-supported massive conglomerate and horizontally stratified clast-supported conglomerate of cobble size and it seems to have been deposited in the upper fan delta environment. FAIII consisted of matrix-supported massive conglomerate of pebble size, horizontally laminated sandstone and massive sandstone may have been deposited in the middle fan delta environment. FAIV consists of massive pebbly sandstone, horizontally laminated sandstone and massive sandstone and presumably was deposited in the lower fan delta environment. In general the Hajo Formation is interpreted to have been deposited at the talus/upper fan delta environment in early stage; it might have been deposited in the alternating environments of upper and middle fan delta in middle stage; and it seems to have been deposited in alternating environments of middle and lower fan delta in late stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 1987

Effect of various physical and chemical treatments on dark germination of Oenothera lamarckiana seeds were primarily investigated to find out factors affecting germination. Germination of seeds which did not germinate in the constant temperature and darkness was induced by several physical treatments such as sonification, wetting and drying, freezing and thawing, and removal of seed coat. Pretreatment of chilling ($4^{\circ}C$), freezing ($-10^{\circ}C$) and incubation at high temperature ($80^{\circ}C$) induced dark germination of seeds which did not germinate in the constant temperature ranges of 15 to $40^{\circ}C$ under darkness. Alternating temperature also had a stimulatory effect on dark germination of Oenothera lamarckiana seeds. Sensing of seeds to alternating temperature appeared to be completed during the first two days after imbibition. The minimum difference of temperature required for dark germination was $5^{\circ}C$ in the range of $15-25^{\circ}C$. A thiourea (1.0%) treatment induced dark germination, but GA, IAA, BA and Ethrel failed to do so.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

A membrane bioreactor by sequentially alternating the inflow and by applying a two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation was evaluated in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency and cost-savings. The MBR consisted of two identical alternative reaction tanks, followed by aerobic, anoxic and membrane tanks, where the wastewater and the internal return sludge alternatively flowed into each alternative reaction tank at every 2 hours. In the batch-operated alternative reaction tank, the initial concentration of nitrate rapidly decreased from 2.3 to 0.4 mg/L for only 20 minutes after stopping the inflow, followed by substantial release of phosphorus up to 4 mg/L under anaerobic condition. Jar test showed that the minimum alum doses to reduce the initial $PO_4$-P below 0.2 mg/L were 2 and 9 mol-Al/mol-P in the wastewater and the activated sludge from the membrane tank, respectively. It implies that a pre-coagulation in influent is more cost-efficient for phosphorus removal than the coagulation in the bioreactor. On the result of NUR test, there were little difference in terms of denitrification rate and contents of readily biodegradable COD between raw wastewater and pre-coagulated wastewater. When adding alum into the aerobic tank, alum doses above 26 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ caused inhibitory effects on ammonia oxidation. Using the two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation, the P concentration in the MBR effluent was kept below 0.2 mg/L with the alum of 2.7 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$, which was much lower than 5.1~7.4 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ required for typical wastewater treatment plants. During the long-term operation of MBR, there was no change of the TMP increase rate before and after alum addition.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2000

Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) used as a spice or fruit vegetable has been transplanted for cultivation to accompany the production of its seedlings in general. The experiment was done to measure the effect of its cultivars (Daemyng; Wanggochu), priming (chemicals; concentration; period), light quality (red; far-red; blue; dark) during priming, and germination temperature (25 or 15$^{\circ}C$ constant; 25/15$^{\circ}C$ alternating) on the rate of germination done under incandescent lamps until 9 days after sowing. Seed germination was better when primed with Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ than with KNO$_3$. Priming for 6 to 12 days using the former chemical enhanced the final germination rate and shortened the elapsed days to 50% germination, $T_{50}$, compared to no-priming. Under $25^{\circ}C$ constant germination temperature, primed seeds at darkness or far-red light showed the highest rate until 5 days after sowing or the lowest one since 7 days after sowing, respectively. The germination response at 25/15$^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature did not followed the lowest rate of 15$^{\circ}C$ constant germination temperature but inclined to that of $25^{\circ}C$ constant recorded the greatest one. Under 3 germination temperature red light treated during priming elevated the rate since 7 days after sowing compared to the other light treatments, and the germination rate of each cultivar was affected by no-priming or priming, light quality during priming. which imply their interaction to the seed germination.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2006

Purpose For the reconstruction of craniofacial deformities, the distraction osteogenesis is an useful method which can make new soft tissues as well as new bone. Although the distraction osteogenesis is an effective procedure in quantitative aspects, the new bone formed by this procedure can be coarse in qualitive aspects sometimes. Materials and methods Twelve rabbits, weighing about 2 kg, were included and the prefabricated distraction device were used. After a latency period of 5 days, in the experimental group (n=6), the mandible was distracted at the rate of 1.0 mm/day for 2 days and then compressed with 1.0 mm for the next 3rd day, therefore distracted totally to a length of 1.0 mm for 3 days. This procedure was repeated 5 times and, as a result, the experimental group was distracted to a length of 5.0 mm for 15 days finally. In the control group (n=6), the mandible was distracted totally to a length of 5.0 mm at the rate of 1 mm/day. At 2 weeks and 8 weeks of consolidation in the control group, 3 rabbits in each group were sacrificed and their biopsy specimens from the distracted mandible were taken. Results All animals showed the mandibular elongation clinically and radiographically. Histologically, many blood vessels, osteoblasts and immature bones formed by osteoid deposition were observed in the experimental group at 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, the bony trabeculae were thicker than the ones in the control group and were composed of lamella bones and woven bones in the experimental group. On histomorphometric analysis, the bone deposition area of the distracted site was broader in the experimental group $(273.8{\pm}115.7\;cm^2)$ than the one in the control group $(199.4{\pm}101.4\;cm^2)$. Futhermore, the modified rate of bone deposition area was higher in the experimental group (48${\pm}$20%) than the one in the control group (35${\pm}$18%). However, these data showed no significant differences statistically. Conclusion These results suggest that the distraction osteogenesis by using an alternating distraction/compression protocols is an effective method for increasing new bone formation in distracted areas.