• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.36-53
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of DOGO phreatic water containing sulphur on Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga mouse. Methods : We made DOGO phreatic water removed sulphur using Twin Alternating Sulfate Eater. After making atopic dermatitis caused by sensitizing NC/Nga mouse to DNCB(dinitrochlorobenzene), we made mouse swim in tanks each filled with distilled water, tap water, DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur), DOGO phreatic water(remove sulphur) for 30minutes everyday. 3weeks later, we analyzed skin clinical score, total IgE levels(by ELISA), WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes), absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$, CCR3 mRNA expressions(by Real-time PCR), IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels(by ELISA), histologic test(by H&E staining, toluidine blue staining). Results : The results of making NC/Nga mouse induced atopic dermatitis swim in tanks filled with DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur) are as follows. 1. Skin clinical scores were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 2. Total IgG levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 3. WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes) were decreased significantly in c.mparison to control group. 4. Absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$ were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 5. CCR3 mRNA expressions were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 6. IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 7. The epithelial tissue thickness, leucocytes infiltration, erythema, edema, excoriation, scaling, mast cells infiltrations in dorsal skin were decreased in comparison to control group. Conclusions : These results indicate that DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur) can be used for helping treat atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2014

The Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972(COLREGs) defines the collision avoidance principles and various navigation rules for the prevention of collision at sea. In particular, the initial responses to avoid risk of collision are mainly decided by navigation officer's experience and subjective judgement. However, collision accidents could be effectively prevented if the minimum criteria of quantitative initial response are suggested to the junior officers and the cadets who have insufficient sea experience and navigation competency. This study reviewed the COLREGs terms related to the initial response and the existing papers concerned with risk assessment model. A questionnaire survey is also carried out for safe passing distance, degrees of alternating course and initial response distance to avoid collision in accordance with various encounter situations. Base on these results, we propose the proper minimum safe passing distance between the vessels, the initial response distance and required turning angles for alternation in each encounter situations. The suggested criteria of initial response will contribute to the prevention of collision at sea as well as the improvement of gradual navigation technology.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

It is known that P300-based concealed information test (P300 CIT) was not greatly affected by the traditional countermeasures. This study was to test whether P300 CIT is affected by the new countermeasures. We used three types of countermeasures. First type was a sequential countermeasure in which participants had to respond in alternating ways to irrelevants by pressing the left index finger covertly when the encountered irrelevant firstly, by wiggling the right big toe inside the shoe when encountered irrelevant secondly, by imaging his or her mother's name when encountered irrelevant thirdly, and by imaging his or her father's name when encountered irrelevant fourthly until all stimuli were presented. Second type was a partial matching and physical countermeasure. Participants in this type were asked to press the left index finger imperceptibly after one of the irrelevants and wiggle the right big toe after another of the irrelevants. Third type was a partial matching and mental countermeasure. Participants were required to imagine mother's name for one irrelevant and father's name for another irrelevant. The results showed that contrary to our expectation, the use of sequential countermeasure increased the detection rate from 77% to 92%. The partial matching countermeasure had a negative effect on P300 CIT. The physical countermeasure decreased the detection rate from 77% to 46%, and the mental countermeasure decreased the detection rate from 100% to 69%. The necessity for the development of methods to prevent or detect countermeasure is discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.629-635
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• 2012

Two novel conjugated copolymers utilizing 4,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DTBT) coupled with cyano (-CN) substituted vinylene, as the electron deficient moeity, have been synthesized and evaluated in bulk heterojunction solar cell. The electron deficient moeity was coupled with carbazole and fluorene unit by Knoevenagel condition to provide poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl-2-butenenitrile) (PCVCNDTBT) and poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl) (PFVCNDTBT). The optical band gaps of PCVCNDTBT (1.74 eV) and PFVCNDTBT (1.80 eV) are lower than those of PCDTBT (1.88 eV) and PFVDTBT (2.13 eV), which is advantageous to provide better coverage of the solar spectrum in the longer wavelength region. The high $V_{oc}$ value of the PSC of PCVCNDTBT (~0.91 V) is attributed to its lower HOMO energy level ( 5.6 eV) as compared to PCDTBT ( 5.5 eV). Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the blends of the polymers with [6,6]phenyl-$C_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester ($PC_{61}BM$) gave power conversion efficiencies of 0.76% for PCVCNDTBT under AM 1.5, 100 mW/$cm^2$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1986

Mycelial growth of Colletotrichun dematium and C. gloeosporioides isolated from anthracnose of Lycium chinense was favorable on V-8 Juice Agar media and Oatmeal Agar media of the four different media tested. Sporulation of C. dematium was favorable on PDA media and V-8 Juice Agar media and that of C. gloeosporioides was favorable on all media tested. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and C. dematium was $25^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$, respectively and sporulation of the fungi was stimulated under alternating NUV light and darkness. Of the seven nitrogen sources tested, gelatin was the most favorable for mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and glycin and gelatin were favorable for that of C. dematium. Of the eleven carbon sources tested, dextrin and sorbitol were favorable for mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and dextrin was the most favorable for that of C. dematium. Among the eleven fugicides tested, Benomyl, Folpet, Dithianon, Carbendazim and S-3308L were found superior for the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination of the fungi. They were, also, found superior for the control of anthracnose disease of L. chinense when they were applied to the plants in the field.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 1985

1. Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata Fusarium semitectum, Gerlachia oryzae, Phoma sp. Trichoconiella padwickii were found associated with ear blighting of rice plants. The frequency of isolation of the fungi was found to be higher from the severely discolored rice grains than that from the brownish spotted grains, but H. oryzae was encounted highly from the latter. 2. Higher counts of Alternaria tenuis, Helminthosporium oryzae, Trichoconiella padwickii, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium semitectum were observed under alternating cycles of 12hrs of light and darkness than under complete darkness but G. oryzae was encountered highly under darkness in the blotter. While no difference in the occurrence of the other fungi was recorded under l2hr NUV light-12hr darkness cycles and darkness. 3. A. tenuis and C. cladosporioides were encountered highly at the lower temp. $(15^{\circ}C)$ but Phoma sp. was occurred highly at the higher temp. $(30^{\circ}C)$ when the seeds were incubated in the blotter. 4. Artificial inoculation of the fungi in the ears of rice plants caused severe discoloration of rice grains and reduced 1,000 grain weights and grain ripening percentage.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2016

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of occupational therapeutic intervention including functional task training on activities daily living of falls experienced elderly. Methods : This study used a single subject experimental design with alternating treatment and reversal design. One participant who have had falls experience among the community-dwelling elderly completed. This study a total of 18 sessions were conducted. Fall Efficiency Scale(FES), Berg Balance Scale(BBS) and task modification scale were used to assess the activities of daily living during each session, and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure(COPM) and Assessment of Home-based Activities(AHA) were used to evaluate the activities of daily living at pre-and post-test. Results : The participant showed significant improvements in the FES, BBS scores. However, the improvement was greater when progressive resistance exercise was practised along with functional task training. COPM and AHA scores improved at post-test. Conclusions : These findings provide evidence for occupational therapeutic intervention for falls-experienced elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

Recently alternating-current Plasma Display Panel(AC-PDP) is in the spotlight as a digital television and high definition television. The panel structure widely adapted in commercial AC-PDP is three electrodes surface discharge type. At present time, the luminous efficiency is around 1lm/W, it should be a key factor for the commercialization. For the high luminous efficiency, the development of panel structure is necessary. At a given panel structure, a driving method should be optimized to get a sufficient luminous efficiency. The display image of AC-PDP could be realized by the repeated light emission from the discharge. Because most of discharge power is consumed in the sustaining period, the optimization of sustaining waveform is very important for the high luminous efficiency. ADS (Address and Display period Separated) driving method is commonly used. The average driving frequency of ADS driving method is ranged by several tens kilo of [kHz], however the actual frequency of sustaining period is in range of 100[kHz] to 200[kHz]. Based on this study, when the phosphor emits the visible light, it has a decay time of few milliseconds due to the material transfer to the phosphor to emit the visible light. Consequently the luminous efficiency decreases in proportion to the driving frequency. It is found that the luminous efficiency could be significantly improved by the low frequency sustaining driving method.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.409-417
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect on the degree of fatigue and accuracy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to the different time delays (3 minutes, 4 minutes). Carrying out repeated measures of variance (repeated ANOVA), we have shown that time effect (F = 7.835, p <.01) and group effect (F = 8.695, p<.01) and the interaction effect between time and group (F = 12.582, p<.001) were all statistically significant. It means, in the test of the main effect of group and time (3 minutes, 4 minutes) using the Bonferroni method, it turned out that the amount of lactic acid of the experimental group was larger than that of the control group (p<.01), and there was no difference until 3 minutes, but the difference of the amount of lactic acid was shown between before the experiment and after 4 minutes, and between 3 minutes and 4 minutes (p <.05), respectively. Then, in the result of the corresponding sample t-test, for comparing the according to the measurement time, the accuracy after 3 minutes became higher than the case of 4 minutes (t = 4.584, p <.001). Therefore, before 119 arrives performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation for emergency, rescuers need to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation alternating with others before 3 minutes.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direction of slope sliding that occurred at the highland ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ district in the Samcheok coalfield, using geological and structural detail surveys. The study area is dominated by the Paleozoic Pyong-an Group, and sliding is concentrated in zones of alternating sandstone and shale beds in the Geumcheon and Jangsung Formations. Discontinuities in the area have a strike of NE-SW and dip at 30~$80^{\circ}$ to the NW and 40~$80^{\circ}$ to the SE. However, some have strikes of NW-SE. In slide area group 1 (P1 to P4), en echelon tension gashes were caused by shearing. The surface in the areas of group 2 (P5 to P7) and group 3 (P8 and P9) is marked by step-type tension cracks that formed due to extension. This phenomenon caused anticlockwise rotation of the sliding slope. Otherwise, the cutting of the road side through the eastern slope of the mountain contributed to surface sliding due to geographical equilibrium loss.