• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1033-1036
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• 2004

The study on speech recognition and understanding has been done for many years. In this paper, we propose a new type of recurrent neural network architecture for speech recognition, in which each output unit is connected to itself and is also fully connected to other output units and all hidden units [1]. Besides that, we also proposed the new architecture and the learning algorithm of recurrent neural network such as Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT, which well-suited. The aim of the study was to observe the difference of Arabic's alphabet like "alif" until "ya". The purpose of this research is to upgrade the people's knowledge and understanding on Arabic's alphabet or word by using Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) learning algorithm. 4 speakers (a mixture of male and female) are trained in quiet environment. Neural network is well-known as a technique that has the ability to classified nonlinear problem. Today, lots of researches have been done in applying Neural Network towards the solution of speech recognition [2] such as Arabic. The Arabic language offers a number of challenges for speech recognition [3]. Even through positive results have been obtained from the continuous study, research on minimizing the error rate is still gaining lots attention. This research utilizes Recurrent Neural Network, one of Neural Network technique to observe the difference of alphabet "alif" until "ya".

• 대한추나의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2003

The multiple acupuncture techniques have been used to relieve the pain of lateral ankle sprain. Recently, early functional rehabilitation is emphasized in rehabilitative concepts using active ROM, facilitated proprioception, alphabet exercise and so forth. Similarly, in oriental rehabilition medicine, traditional movement technique called "Dong-Ki" has been used to relieve pain of ankle sprain. So we used "Dong-Ki" technique with SSP(silver spike point) electrotherapy transformed from alphabet exercise and evaluated the effects in method of randomized controlled trials. Methods : 27 outpatients with lateral ankle sprains were randomized into two groups : 15 samples and 12 controls. Sample group was treated with "Dong-Ki" technique(writing his name with foot) with SSP electrotherapy to relieve pain during additionally. "Dong-KI". Outcomes were measured by 10cm VAS and ankle circumference(cm). Results : In terms of VAS, Sample group had inclination of pain relieving but not significantly meaningful. In terms of ankle circumference measurement, Sample group showed significantly improved.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2018

This article aims to discuss the transition of the Kazakh writing system from Cyrillic to Latin. First, the study investigates the relationship between the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet and phonology, in order to linguistically evaluate the efficiency of the writing system. Second, the process of determining the Kazakh Latin alphabet is discussed in terms of the Kazakh phonological system. Third, the factors that determined the Latin alphabet of Kazakh language are analyzed. In Kazakh, the phonemic system is subject to controversy among linguists, but it can be said that the phonological system basically follows the one-to-one correspondence to the Russian and Kazakh phonemes. As for the depth of orthographies, Kazakh Cyrillic writing system is not based on the shallow orthographies, so it incorporates morphophonemic information to make skilled readers understand easier. The political and social aspects are considered as a cause of the alphabet change. Although there are studies suggesting the conversion of the writing system is caused by the extrinsic factors rather than the intrinsic factors, the five criteria of Smalley (1964), which compromise the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, are also persuasive. The five factors are 1) Maximum motivation for the learner, 2) Maximum representation of speech, 3) Maximum ease of learning, 4) Maximum transfer, 5) Maximum ease of reproduction.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2009

본 논문은 아바타를 내장한 한글 지문자 학습 게임 개발에 관한 논문으로써, 초보자가 수화아바타에게서 지문자를 쉽게 배우고 쉽게 연습할 수 있도록 한글 지문자 인식 게임 프로그램개발을 제안한다. 지문자는 단어를 철자로 표현하는 한국수화의 어휘에 대응한다. 지문자 자모가 한글 자모에 일치하고 사용자에 의하여 한글이 손 모양으로 표현되었다. 시스템은 OpenGL에 기반한 수화아바타강사 GUI 팝업윈도우와 지문자 인식모듈, 여러 한글 자음 글자가 아래로 이동하는 게임 모듈, USB 카메라로 구성된다. 지문자는 한글 자모를 표현하는 것으로써, 사용자는 아바타로부터 지문자를 배우고 USB 카메라를 이용하여 시스템에 지문자를 간단하게 입력한다. 우리는 사용자들의 검증을 통하여 개발된 시스템의 성능을 평가하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제12C권7호
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• pp.1067-1074
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• 2005

모바일 사용자 인터페이스가, 특히 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서, 정보를 빨리 그리고 편리하게 액세스하는데 중요해지고 있다. 모바일 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 많은 신규서비스들 중에서, 한글1자 도메인명을 포함하여, 한글알파벳(자음과 모음) 도메인명을 이용한 유비쿼터스 정보네트워킹서비스가 연구되었다. 긴 영어나 한글의 URL 스트링 대신에, 정보 액세스를 위한 편리한 사용자 인터페이스로서, 유선 인터넷에서 뿐만아니라 모바일 인터넷에서, 한글1자/자음/모음 도메인명이 정보를 액세스하고 정보를 알리는데 긴 URL스트링보다 더 편리하다. PC뿐만아니라 휴대폰에서 한글1자/자음/모음 도메인명의 편리함을 연구하였고, 음성변환(TTS) 기능을 가지고 있으며 한글1자/자음/모음 도메인명으로 액세스할 수 있는 유비쿼터스 정보포털의 구현과 응용을 소개한다

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2009

Given an n-length text T over a $\sigma$-size alphabet, we present a compressed representation of T which supports retrieving queries of rank/select/access and updating queries of insert/delete. For a measure of compression, we use the empirical entropy H(T), which defines a lower bound nH(T) bits for any algorithm to compress T of n log $\sigma$ bits. Our representation takes this entropy bound of T, i.e., nH(T) $\leq$ n log $\sigma$ bits, and an additional bits less than the text size, i.e., o(n log $\sigma$) + O(n) bits. In compressed space of nH(T) + o(n log $\sigma$) + O(n) bits, our representation supports O(log n) time queries for a log n-size alphabet and its extension provides O(($1+\frac{{\log}\;{\sigma}}{{\log}\;{\log}\;n}$) log n) time queries for a $\sigma$-size alphabet.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.412-430
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• 2003

In many practical problems in signal processing and control, the signal values are often restricted to belong to a finite number of levels. These questions are generally referred to as "finite alphabet" problems. There are many applications of this class of problems including: on-off control, optimal audio quantization, design of finite impulse response filters having quantized coefficients, equalization of digital communication channels subject to intersymbol interference, and control over networked communication channels. This paper will explain how this diverse class of problems can be formulated as optimization problems having finite alphabet constraints. Methods for solving these problems will be described and it will be shown that a semi-closed form solution exists. Special cases of the result include well known practical algorithms such as optimal noise shaping quantizers in audio signal processing and decision feedback equalizers in digital communication. Associated stability questions will also be addressed and several real world applications will be presented.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.320-322
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• 1996

The Korean Phonetic Alphabet(KPA) as devised by H. B. Lee on the basis of Han-geul, the Korean Alphabet, was incorporated into the Hangul Word Processor(HWP) 1. $^{*}$ to be used on personal computers. With the upgrading of the HWP software from $1.^{*}$ to more sophisticated versions of $2.^{*}$, $3.^{*}$, etc., it became necessary to convert the HWP $1.^{*}$ KPA into upgraded version. This paper traces the history of the computerized KPA software from the initial version of HWP $1.^{*}$ to the latest one.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2004

Neural oscillator can be applied to oscillatory systems such as analyses of image information, voice recognition and etc. Conventional EBPA (Error back Propagation Algorithm) is not proper for oscillatory systems with the complicate input`s patterns because of its tedious training procedures and sluggish convergence problems. However, these problems can be easily solved by using a synchrony characteristic of neural oscillator with PLL(Phase Locked Loop) function and by using a simple Hebbian learning rule. Therefore, in this paper, a technique for Recognition of the Korean Alphabet using Phase Synchronized Neural Oscillator was introduced.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the International Phonetic Alphabet be included in English curriculum and taught in English classroom. Current English curriculum for elementary and middle school students doesn't specify anything for the education of the IPA. The knowledge of IPA is essential for the students to study by themselves how to pronounce English words. The IPA, however, is either too little or too much to be taught at school. It is too little in that it doesn't tell us anything about allophones, the knowledge of which could enable us to get rid of foreign accents as much as possible. It is too much in that it can represent more than one sounds (e.g., /ɔ/ in American and British English). To overcome these drawbacks, it should be introduced gradually with the allophones in the same environments. The correct vowel sounds should be introduced with the aid of pronunciation dictionary so that the students could get their own vowel quality. Moreover, the IPA symbol should be adopted for the English textbooks.