• Design Convergence Study
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.31-45
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• 2015

Recently, due to the development of interactive media, Interactive Typography, which explores user input and interaction is under development. Unlike traditional typography which has a fixed nature, the flexible and fluid nature of Interactive Typography and Interactive System, enables diverse results. In this study, I have developed an Interactive Typography art piece based on theoretical research. By reviewing books, papers and articles, I have tried to define the meaning and characteristics of Interactive Typography. In understanding the concept of Interactive System, I have borrowed the concept of mathematical function. Based on the research, I have designed and developed an Interactive Typography piece, 'Interactive floral type' by using Adobe flash action script. This piece explores the beautiful shape of each alphabet letters and transforms individual character into a 'flower' shape through user's mouse and keyboard input. Depending on the input the size, color, and layout and motion of text changes in real time to change the letters into beautiful flowers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.411-414
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• 2021

One of the elements of technology that has become extremely critical within the field of education today is Deep learning. It has been especially used in the area of natural language processing, with some word-representation vectors playing a critical role. However, some of the low-resource languages, such as Swahili, which is spoken in East and Central Africa, do not fall into this category. Natural Language Processing is a field of artificial intelligence where systems and computational algorithms are built that can automatically understand, analyze, manipulate, and potentially generate human language. After coming to discover that some African languages fail to have a proper representation within language processing, even going so far as to describe them as lower resource languages because of inadequate data for NLP, we decided to study the Swahili language. As it stands currently, language modeling using neural networks requires adequate data to guarantee quality word representation, which is important for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Most African languages have no data for such processing. The main aim of this project is to recognize and focus on the classification of words in English, Swahili, and Korean with a particular emphasis on the low-resource Swahili language. Finally, we are going to create our own dataset and reprocess the data using Python Script, formulate the syllabic alphabet, and finally develop an English, Swahili, and Korean word analogy dataset.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2009

This paper is to develop the Korean Phonotactic Probability Calculator (KPPC) that anticipates the phonotactic probability in Korean. KPPC calculates the positional segment frequecncy, position-specific biphone frequency and position-specific triphone frequency. And KPPC also calculates the Neighborhood Density that is the number of words that sound similar to a target word. The Phonotactic Calculator that was developed in University of Kansas can be analyzed by the computer-readable phonemic transcription. This can calculate positional frequency and position-specific biphone frequency that were derived from 20,000 dictionary words. But KPPC calculates positional frequency, positional biphone frequency, positional triphone frequency and neighborhood density. KPPC can calculate by korean alphabet or computer-readable phonemic transcription. This KPPC can anticipate high phonotactic probability, low phonotactic probability, high neighborhood density and low neighborhood density.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

With the introduction of digital technology since the late 1970s, we have been shifting from the industrial era into the information age. New communication systems have changed our concept of reality. Korea has a wealthy communication heritage with its own language and alphabet. However, Korean typography today has struggled to keep its originality, and does not hold up well to international standards. Korean contemporary typography is not efficient for communicating. It is not orderly, organised and simple. It has currently become complicated and decorative. Moreover, many young designers are attracted by imitations of western trends. It is now time for Korea to reveal its own identity. How can it develop a new typographic language that is more sympathetic to Korean tradition\ulcorner How will Korean information design produce a contemporary style with international relevance that contributes to world culture\ulcorner This thesis will be developed a new Korean typographic language that relies more on Korean traditions. Simultaneously, in this thesis will be examined Swiss typography as a relevant style for a new Korean typography to incorporate. Swiss typography maintained a similar philosophy to Korean tradition with its emphasis on clarity and simplicity. This study will be explored the potential of creating a contemporary Korean typographic solution which combines the traditions of Korea with the clarity of Swiss typography. The first attitude of the new typographic language should focus on legibility. The second condition of the new typographic philosophy based on the ability of designers is interpretation of context. The third concept of the new language is founded on an objective, rational design attitude. The final mental attitude of the new typographic language should feel a deep obligation to traditions. It is crucial time for Korean alphabet to establish a relevant standard rather than goes uncritically with the international current. Korea has had worthy traditions. It is suggested that the answers to 'good design' lie in the study of Korea's own history. Simultaneously, the research of Swiss design which is a

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-69
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• 2011

Vision and voice-based technologies are commonly utilized for human-robot interaction. But it is widely recognized that the performance of vision and voice-based interaction systems is deteriorated by a large margin in the real-world situations due to environmental and user variances. Human users need to be very cooperative to get reasonable performance, which significantly limits the usability of the vision and voice-based human-robot interaction technologies. As a result, touch screens are still the major medium of human-robot interaction for the real-world applications. To empower the usability of robots for various services, alternative interaction technologies should be developed to complement the problems of vision and voice-based technologies. In this paper, we propose the use of accelerometer-based gesture interface as one of the alternative technologies, because accelerometers are effective in detecting the movements of human body, while their performance is not limited by environmental contexts such as lighting conditions or camera's field-of-view. Moreover, accelerometers are widely available nowadays in many mobile devices. We tackle the problem of classifying acceleration signal patterns of 26 English alphabets, which is one of the essential repertoires for the realization of education services based on robots. Recognizing 26 English handwriting patterns based on accelerometers is a very difficult task to take over because of its large scale of pattern classes and the complexity of each pattern. The most difficult problem that has been undertaken which is similar to our problem was recognizing acceleration signal patterns of 10 handwritten digits. Most previous studies dealt with pattern sets of 8~10 simple and easily distinguishable gestures that are useful for controlling home appliances, computer applications, robots etc. Good features are essential for the success of pattern recognition. To promote the discriminative power upon complex English alphabet patterns, we extracted 'motion trajectories' out of input acceleration signal and used them as the main feature. Investigative experiments showed that classifiers based on trajectory performed 3%~5% better than those with raw features e.g. acceleration signal itself or statistical figures. To minimize the distortion of trajectories, we applied a simple but effective set of smoothing filters and band-pass filters. It is well known that acceleration patterns for the same gesture is very different among different performers. To tackle the problem, online incremental learning is applied for our system to make it adaptive to the users' distinctive motion properties. Our system is based on instance-based learning (IBL) where each training sample is memorized as a reference pattern. Brute-force incremental learning in IBL continuously accumulates reference patterns, which is a problem because it not only slows down the classification but also downgrades the recall performance. Regarding the latter phenomenon, we observed a tendency that as the number of reference patterns grows, some reference patterns contribute more to the false positive classification. Thus, we devised an algorithm for optimizing the reference pattern set based on the positive and negative contribution of each reference pattern. The algorithm is performed periodically to remove reference patterns that have a very low positive contribution or a high negative contribution. Experiments were performed on 6500 gesture patterns collected from 50 adults of 30~50 years old. Each alphabet was performed 5 times per participant using $Nintendo{(R)}$ $Wii^{TM}$ remote. Acceleration signal was sampled in 100hz on 3 axes. Mean recall rate for all the alphabets was 95.48%. Some alphabets recorded very low recall rate and exhibited very high pairwise confusion rate. Major confusion pairs are D(88%) and P(74%), I(81%) and U(75%), N(88%) and W(100%). Though W was recalled perfectly, it contributed much to the false positive classification of N. By comparison with major previous results from VTT (96% for 8 control gestures), CMU (97% for 10 control gestures) and Samsung Electronics(97% for 10 digits and a control gesture), we could find that the performance of our system is superior regarding the number of pattern classes and the complexity of patterns. Using our gesture interaction system, we conducted 2 case studies of robot-based edutainment services. The services were implemented on various robot platforms and mobile devices including $iPhone^{TM}$. The participating children exhibited improved concentration and active reaction on the service with our gesture interface. To prove the effectiveness of our gesture interface, a test was taken by the children after experiencing an English teaching service. The test result showed that those who played with the gesture interface-based robot content marked 10% better score than those with conventional teaching. We conclude that the accelerometer-based gesture interface is a promising technology for flourishing real-world robot-based services and content by complementing the limits of today's conventional interfaces e.g. touch screen, vision and voice.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.3
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• pp.218-247
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• 1989

As mentioned above, I got the next conclusion since I had considered the medical contents of the ancient period(上古時代) and the era of the old-Korea(古朝鮮時代) through several bibliographic records. 1. There were Pung-baeg(風伯), Uh-sa(雨師), Un-sa(雲師) that were the names of the governmental officials during the ancient period of Whan-ung(桓雄). Among them, Uh-sa specially managed the treatment for diseases. When we think of the significance of Pung(風)-which means the winds, Uh(雨)-which means the rain, Un(雲)-which means of clouds, we will find out that the human life will be affected by all kinds of phenomena of the nature. So I can infer that ancestries could prevent and treat diseases with adjusting them tn the changes in the weather. 2. There were five government officials(五事) in the ancient period of Whan-ung(桓雄上古時代). They are Uh-ga(牛加), Ma-ga(馬加), Ku-ga(狗加), Cheo-ga(猪加) and Yang-ga(羊加), and had charges of five important duties. Among them, Cheo-ga was set to a charge of treatment for diseases. So we can notice that there existed people who treated for diseases professionally. When we think of the meanings of Uh(牛)-which intends cows or bulls. Ma(馬)-which intends horses, Ku(狗)-which intends dogs, Cheo(猪)-which intends wild boars and Yang(羊)-which intends sheep, we can see that livestocks would be raised at that time, and they came to have more chances to digest meat. Since the digestion of meat became to be a burden on the stomach and the intestines, it might cause a lot of indigestive troubles. 3. When I compared Tan-gun Pal-ga(檀君八加) with the Oh-ga(五加) in the ancient period of Whan-ung(桓雄上古時代), I could tell that the community of Tan-gun's period is more advanced and specialized than one of Whan-ung's. When I think of the next sentence ; "The Prince Imperial, Bu-u(夫虞) become to be a Ro-ga(鷺加), who treat for diseases professionally.", I am sure that the treatment for diseases was more importment than any other things, because he was the third son of Tan-gun(檀君). 4. According to Tan-gun(檀君) mythology, Whan-ung(桓雄) came down from the heaven of the pure Yang(純陽) to the earth and then changed into a man who had had more Yang(陽) than Yin(陰). And a bear came up from the underground(or the cave) to the ground and then changed into a women who had had more Yin(陰) than Yang(陽). So both of them became to hold together. This story implicated that ancestors had taken a serious view of each of them, namely the ancestors didn't give the ascendance to the one side of them, and made much account of the mutual harmony. So I am sure that this fact coincided with the basic theories of oriental medical science. To refer to two proverbs of Tan-gun mythology that are "Ki-Sam-Chil-Il(忌三七日)" which means caring for twenty one days, and "Pul-Gyon-Il-Gwang-Baeg-Il(不見日光百日)" which means keeping indoors for one hundred days, I can tell you that "twenty-one-day" involves the principle of the birth of life, and "one-hundred-day" contains a preparatory period or the period of death to bear another life. 5. From the medical stuff, such as wormwood(艾), garlic(蒜), or wonder-working herbage(靈草), that had been written at the bibliographic papers of the ancient period(上古時代) and the era of the old-Korea(古朝鮮時代), I consider that many people might get a lot of women's diseases, indigestive troubles, and other diseases that were caused by the weakness, but with using various spices, such as the leaves of water pepper(蔘), they could prevent the occurrance of all kinds of diseases previously. So I regard this treatment as the medicine from food. 6. One of the sayings at Nae-gyong(內經) is that "The stone accupuncture(砭石) came from the orient." We can see both "wonder-wor-king wormwood(靈草)" and "dried wormwood(乾艾)" in the several bibliographic papers of the ancient history of the old-Korea(朝鮮上古史). From these records, I can be convinced that ancestors would utilize the acupuncture(針) and the moxa cautery(灸) to cure a patient of a disease. 7. Even though someone claimed that the book, "medical science and chemistry(醫學化學)" and "medical treatment(醫學大方)" had had been written during the ancient period of the old-Korea(上古朝鮮時代), such a fact can't have been ascertained historical evidence. But it has been handed down that there existed the original phonetic alphabet, such as the "Ka-Im-To alphabet(加臨土文字)" at that time. The terms about the diseases, which had been occurred at the community of the old-Korea(古朝鮮地域), were recorded fragmentarily at other records after that time. The origin of confucianism came from the race of the eastern barbarians, and Tae-Ho-Pok-Hi(太嗅伏義) and the king. Sun(舜) came from the eastern barbarians, too. The divination of tortoise shells at the country of Un(殷) is another from which was developed at the eastern barbarians' fortune-telling of animal bones. From these facts, I can infer that, by all means, they might record the medical knowledge which had been stored for thousands of years while contacting with china directly.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.51-69
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• 2020

Now, it is a stylized fact that a small number of technology firms such as Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook and a few others have become larger and dominant players in an industry. Coupled with the rise of these leading firms, we have also observed that a large number of young firms have become an acquisition target in their early IPO stages. This indeed results in a sharp decline in the number of new entries in public exchanges although a series of policy reforms have been promulgated to foster competition through an increase in new entries. Given the observed industry trend in recent decades, a number of studies have reported increased concentration in most developed countries. However, it is less understood as to what caused an increase in industry concentration. In this paper, we uncover the mechanisms by which industries have become concentrated over the last decades by tracing the changes in industry concentration associated with a firm's status change in its early IPO stages. To this end, we put emphasis on the case in which firms are acquired shortly after they went public. Especially, with the transition to digital-based economies, it is imperative for incumbent firms to adapt and keep pace with new ICT and related intelligent systems. For instance, after the acquisition of a young firm equipped with AI-based solutions, an incumbent firm may better respond to a change in customer taste and preference by integrating acquired AI solutions and analytics skills into multiple business processes. Accordingly, it is not unusual for young ICT firms become an attractive acquisition target. To examine the role of M&As involved with young firms in reshaping the level of industry concentration, we identify a firm's status in early post-IPO stages over the sample periods spanning from 1990 to 2016 as follows: i) being delisted, ii) being standalone firms and iii) being acquired. According to our analysis, firms that have conducted IPO since 2000s have been acquired by incumbent firms at a relatively quicker time than those that did IPO in previous generations. We also show a greater acquisition rate for IPO firms in the ICT sector compared with their counterparts in other sectors. Our results based on multinomial logit models suggest that a large number of IPO firms have been acquired in their early post-IPO lives despite their financial soundness. Specifically, we show that IPO firms are likely to be acquired rather than be delisted due to financial distress in early IPO stages when they are more profitable, more mature or less leveraged. For those IPO firms with venture capital backup have also become an acquisition target more frequently. As a larger number of firms are acquired shortly after their IPO, our results show increased concentration. While providing limited evidence on the impact of large incumbent firms in explaining the change in industry concentration, our results show that the large firms' effect on industry concentration are pronounced in the ICT sector. This result possibly captures the current trend that a few tech giants such as Alphabet, Apple and Facebook continue to increase their market share. In addition, compared with the acquisitions of non-ICT firms, the concentration impact of IPO firms in early stages becomes larger when ICT firms are acquired as a target. Our study makes new contributions. To our best knowledge, this is one of a few studies that link a firm's post-IPO status to associated changes in industry concentration. Although some studies have addressed concentration issues, their primary focus was on market power or proprietary software. Contrast to earlier studies, we are able to uncover the mechanism by which industries have become concentrated by placing emphasis on M&As involving young IPO firms. Interestingly, the concentration impact of IPO firm acquisitions are magnified when a large incumbent firms are involved as an acquirer. This leads us to infer the underlying reasons as to why industries have become more concentrated with a favor of large firms in recent decades. Overall, our study sheds new light on the literature by providing a plausible explanation as to why industries have become concentrated.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.57-81
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the balanced English approach program on five-year-old children's English reading and writing ability. For this study, two classes consisting of five-year-old children in HATBEAT kindergarten in D city were selected. One class was designated as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The balanced English approach program was performed on the experimental group but not on the control group. The balanced English approach program was carried out for 8 weeks. The experimental procedures were in the order of pre-test, the experimental treatment, and post-test. The result of the experiment was evaluated by comparing the pre-test and post-test results. Analysis of data was performed by ANCOVA. The result of the study are as follows. First, in the English reading ability, the experimental group was more enhanced than the control group. Also, for sub-factors of English reading such as alphabet and English word reading ability, the experimental group was more enhanced than the control group. However, in the English book reading ability as a sub- factor of the English reading, there was not much difference in the result between the experimental group and the control group. Second, in the English writing ability, the experimental group were more enhanced than the control group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.737-743
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• 2016

Coastal hazards such as high waves are expected to increase due to global climate change. Therefore, we investigated new armor unit structures for disaster prevention. Recently, a concrete caisson has been used in many breakwaters against high waves in South Korea, but the demand for concrete armor unit has increased due to the high cost and many installation requirements. Though many new armor units have been developed over the world since Tetrapod in 1950, few have been used due to lack of systematical development. The representative armor units in current use have many advantages, but they cannot be applied to waves higher than 8 m. One of the new armor units developed by the design guide based on recent trend and hydraulic model experiments were conducted. The new armor unit was developed as a single layer due to cost effectiveness. However, the thickness is close to 1.5 times by overlapping the alphabet A and V. It showed higher overtopping compared to a double layer because of the thickness and the high packing density. It has a high interlocking vertically but low horizontally. It shows good stability at 9 m in model testing.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2005

Objective:Impaired processing of working memory is one of the cognitive deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. This aimed at corroborating the differences in the brain activities involved in the process of working memory between patients with schizophrenia and the control subjects. Method:Fourteen patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the performance of a 2-back visual working memory paradigm using the Korean alphabet as mnemonic content. Results:Group analysis revealed that left lateral prefrontal cortex and right parietal lobule showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased activation in left superior and middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, right cuneus, both occipital lobes, right fusiform gyrus and right cingulate gyrus. The activation in left anterior lobe and both declive of cerebellum was also increased. Conclusions:This study showed a decreased activation in left lateral prefrontal and right parietal neural networks from the patient group and confirmed the earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia using fMRI investigation. The regions implicated in our study suggest an abnormal functioning of the fronto-parietal cortical areas that are critical to the information processing stream, which might be correspondent to common pathophysiology rather than a common etiology in schizophrenia.