• Mycobiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2014

Lichen studies, including biodiversity, phylogenetic relationships, and conservation concerns require definitive species identification, however many lichens can be challenging to identify at the species level. Molecular techniques have shown efficacy in discriminating among lichen taxa, however, obtaining genomic DNA from herbarium and fresh lichen thalli by conventional methods has been difficult, because lichens contain high proteins, polysaccharides, and other complex compounds in their cell walls. Here we report a rapid, easy, and inexpensive protocol for extracting PCR-quality DNA from various lichen species. This method involves the following two steps: first, cell breakage using a beadbeater; and second, extraction, isolation, and precipitation of genomic DNA. The procedure requires approximately 10 mg of lichen thalli and can be completed within 20 min. The obtained DNAs were of sufficient quality and quantity to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region from the fungal and algal lichen components, as well as to sequence the amplified products. In addition, 26 different lichen taxa were tested, resulting in successful PCR products. The results of this study validated the experimental protocols, and clearly demonstrated the efficacy and value of our KCl extraction method applied in the fungal and algal samples.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 1977

Effects of alginate and tangle on the suppression of intestinal absorption of heavy metals were tested by albino rats. The absorption of cadmium was suppressed by adding 5% or 10% alginate to the diets contaminated with 5 ppm cadmium, but not by 1% a1ginate or 10% tangle (p<0.05).

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2006

Various microorganisms were isolated from the surface waters and sediments of eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in Korea to enable an investigation of bacteria having algal lytic activities against Anabaena flos-aquae when water blooming occurs and to study enzyme profiles of algal lytic bacteria. Two bacterial strains, AFK-07 and AFK-13, were cultured, characterized and identified as Acinetobacter johnsonii and Sinorhizobium sp., respectively. The A. johnsonii AFK-07 exhibited a high level of degradatory activities against A. flos-aquae, and produced alginase, caseinase, lipase, fucodian hydrolase, and laminarinase. Moreover, many kinds of glycosidase, such as ${\beta}-galactosidase,\;{\beta}-glucosidase,\;{\beta}-glucosaminidase,\;and\; {\beta}-xylosidase$, which hydrolyzed ${\beta}-O-glycosidic$ bonds, were found in cell-free extracts of A. johnsonii AFK-07. Other glycosidases such as ${\alpha}-galactosidase,\;{\alpha}-N-Ac-galactosidase,\;{\alpha}-mannosidase,\; and\;{\alpha}-L-fucosidase$, which cleave ${\alpha}-O-glycosidic$ bonds, were not identified in AFK-07. In the Sinorhizobium sp. AFK-13, the enzymes alginase, amylase, proteinase (caseinase and gelatinase), carboxymethyl-cellulase (CMCase), laminarinase, and lipase were notable. No glycosidase was produced in the AFK-13 strain. Therefore, the enzyme system of A. johnsonii AFK-07 had a more complex mechanism in place to degrade the cyanobacteria cell walls than did the enzyme system of Sinorhizobium sp. AFK-13. The polysaccharides or the peptidoglycans of A. flos-aquae may be hydrolyzed and metabolized to a range of easily utilized monosaccharides or other low molecular weight organic substances by strain AFK-07 of. A. johnsonii, while the products of polysaccharide degradation or peptidoglycans were more likely to be utilized by Sinorhizobium sp. AFK-13. These bacterial interactions may offer an alternative effective approach to controlling the water choking effects of summer blooms affecting our lakes and reservoirs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.270-278
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• 1995

우리나라 대표적인 식용해조 (녹조류-참흩파래, 청각: 갈조류-미역, 톳, 모자반, 다시마; 홍조류-얼룩도박, 참김, 불등풀가사리) 9종을 대상으로 가용성 식이섬유질, 불용성 식이섬유질 및 총 식이섬유질의 함량을 주요 산지 (기장, 충무, 여수)와 채취 시기별로 측정$\cdot$검토하고, 특히 갈조류와 홍조류에 대하여는 해조 다당류의 분포를 분석 비교하였다. 총 식이섬유질은 녹조류 중의 참흩파래가 $25.4-38.1\%$ (이하 건물중의 비율), 청각은 $35.4-43.8\%$를, 갈조류 중의 미역은 $34.2-48.8\%$, 톳은$37.5-47.8\%$, 모자반은 $42.9-71.3\%$, 다시마는 $37.1-45.1\%$를, 그리고, 홍조류 중의 참김은 $31.3-40.5%$, 얼룩도박은$51.5-60.4\%$, 불등풀가사리는 $57.1-65.8\%$를 각각 함유하였다. 가용성 식이섬유질과 불용성 식이섬유질을 공통적으로 많이 함유한 해조류는 각각 불등풀가사리와 모자반이었다. 총 식이섬유질에 대한 가용성 식이섬유질의 함유 비율은 녹조류 중에서는 참홑파래 $(43.7-64.8\%$ 갈조류 중에서는 미역$(17.5-31.3\%$, 그리고 홍조류 중에서는 불등풀가사리 $(44.7-63.2\%$가 높은 값을 보였다. 해조 다당류의 분포상의 특징을 보면, 갈조류는 알칼리 가용성 알긴산을 가장 많이 함유하였으며 $(9.0-15.1\%)$, 홍조류 중의 참김은 폴피란 $(5.8\%)$을, 그리고 불등풀가사리와 얼룩도박은 한천 $(20.0\%)$과 카라기난 $(23.8\%)$을 각각 많이 함유하는 차이를 보였다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제36권2호통권103호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2003

부영양화 현상을 나타내는 석촌호수와 팔당호의 표층수와 저니로부터 178개의 균주를 분리한 후, Anabaena cylindrica lawn 상에서 plaque를 형성하는 9개의 균주를 선별하였으며 이들 중에서 남조류 생장 억제 능력이 가장 우수한 AK-07를 선발하였다. AK-07의 특성과 16S rDNA의 염기 서열 분석을 기초로 하여 유연관계를 조사한 결과, 형태적, 생리적 생화학적 특징들은 Acinetobacter속의 특성들과 유사하였으며, 165 rDNA의 염기 서열 분석한 결과는 Acinetobacter johnsonii와 99.5%의 유사성을 나타내어, Acinetobacter johnsonii AK-07로 명명하였다. 남조류 분해 특성을 조사하기 위해서, AK-07를 A. cylindrica와 혼합 배양시 접종 2일 후에 남조류의 분해가 관찰되었고, 접종 10일 후에는 남조류가 완전히 사멸하였으며, AK-07의 세포 수는 $8\;{\times}\;10^8\;cfu\;ml^{-1}$까지 증가하였다. 그러나 배양 상등액을 A. cylindrica와 혼합 배양 하였을 때에는 남조류의 분해는 관찰 되지 않았다. 따라서 AK-07는 남조류를 직접 접촉하여 분해하는 것으로 사료되어, AK-07에 세포에 존재하는 효소의 활성을 조사한 결과 Pretense와 glycanases중에서 ${\beta}$-Xylosidase의 활성이 가장 높았으며, Alginase, Laminarinase, Lipase, ${\beta}$-Galactosidase 및 ${\beta}$-Glucosidase의 활성도 높은 수준으로 관찰되었다. A. johnsonii AK-07은 A. cylindrica의 polysaccharides나 peptidoglycans를 monosaccharides이나 저분자 유기물로 분해하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1621-1629
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• 2008

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), commonly called red tides, are caused by some toxic phytoplanktons, and have made massive economic losses as well as marine environmental disturbances. As an effective and environment-friendly strategy to control HAB outbreaks, biological methods using marine bacteria capable of killing the harmful algae or algicidal extracellular compounds from them have been given attention. A new member of the $\gamma$-Proteobacteria, Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396, was originally isolated from the Korean seashore for its ability to secrete industrially useful polysaccharides, and was characterized to produce a red pigment. This pigment later was identified as an alkaloid compound, prodigiosin. During the past several decades, prodigiosin has been extensively studied for its medical potential as immunosuppressants and antitumor agents, owing to its antibiotic and cytotoxic activities. The lytic activity of this marvelous molecule against Cochlodinium polykrikoides cells at very low concentrations ($\sim$l ppb) was serendipitously detected, making H. chejuensis a strong candidate among the biological agents for HAB control. This review provides a brief overview of algicidal marine bacteria and their products, and describes in detail the algicidal characteristics, biosynthetic process, and genetic regulation of prodigiosin as a model among the compounds active against red-tide organisms from the biochemical and genetic viewpoints.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2018

해양생물에는 육상생물자원에서는 존재하지 않는 다양한 화합물이 많이 존재하는데 이들 화합물은 새로운 치료제 및 대체 치료법을 개발하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있다. 현재 해조류의 다양한 생리활성에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있으며 최근에는 여러 병원성 및 인체 감염균에 대한 항균효과를 나타내어 신약개발의 보고로 다양한 연구가 진행이 되고있다. 즉, 해조류는 천연물신약 또는 새로운 치료제 개발에 중요한 생물자원이다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2010

Fucoidans, polysaccharides that are composed of fucose, uronic acids, galactose and xylose, are one of the main constituents of brown seaweeds. For the past decade algal fucoidans have been extensively studied due to their biological activities including anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, antitumor, contraceptive and antiviral activities. Even though fucoidan is known as a highly functionality derivative, its industrial applications have been limited because of low inclusion efficiency and high cost of manufacturing. Furthermore the sea-weed smell of fucoidan has been a limiting factor for the application especially in food and cosmetic area. The potential application of various extraction technology and deodorization of sea-weed smell is highly required for a wider application of fucoidan. As an alternative extraction process, enzymatic hydrolysis process or ultra-high pressure treatment has been investigated for the improvement of production yield and bioefficacy of fucoidan. More intensive research on the fucoidan production technology and its application in nutraceutical and cosmoceutical area is needed.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.665-671
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• 2020

The chemical and rheological properties of fucoidan and alginate prepared from different parts of Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll, frond, stipe) were investigated. The algal materials were extracted with HCl (pH 2.0, 3 h at 70℃) to prepare fucoidan, and the remaining solid was continuously re-extracted with Na₂CO₃ (pH 10.0, 70℃, 3 h) to prepare alginic acid. The fucoidan and alginic acid contents in the sporophyll, frond, and stipe were 11.14%, 3.84%, and 1.73% and 22.04%, 37.14%, and 31.74%, respectively. The content of fucoidan and alginate depends on the part extracted. The fucoidan extracted from the sporophyll mainly consists of fucose and galactose, but the fucoidan extracted from frond and stipe contains mannose in addition to fucose and galactose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of fucoidan and alginate suggests the presence of sulfate groups (1261 and 840 cm^-1) and carboxyl groups (1626 and 1419 cm^-1), respectively. Alginate solutions (5%) had a low viscosity of 10.84-31.63 mPa·s. The activation energies of fucoidan and sodium alginate were 14.45-18.38 kJ/mol and 18.61-22.06 kJ/mol, respectively. The D-mannuronic acid/L-guluronic acid (M/G) ratios of alginate showed a relatively high (frond, 3.72; stipe, 2.88; and sporophyll, 1.80).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 1974

한천 원조(原藻)로서 완도(莞島), 여수(麗水), 남해(南海)지역에서 수집한 꼬시레기 및 우무가사리와 마닐라에서 수입한 알카리 처리된 꼬시레기, 그리고 알진산원조로서 제주(濟州)지역에서 수집한 감태에서 한천 또는 알진산의 추출수율을 증대시키기 위한 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 국내산 원조(原藻)로 부터의 한천 추출에 있어서 꼬시레기는 갈마선(線) 처리효과가 없었으나 우무가사리는 8-10%의 수율증가를 보였다. 마닐라산 원조(原藻)에서는 1.5 Mrad의 감마선 조사(照射)에 의하여 25-30%의 한천수율이 증가하였고 이와 같이 제조된 한천은 이화학적 특성이 대조구와 비슷하였다. 한국산 감태로부터의 알진산 추출에 있어서 0.3 Mrad의 감마선 조사(照射)는 6%의 수율증가를 보였다.