• Computers and Concrete
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2019

Compressive ability is one of the most important mechanical properties of concrete material. The compressive failure process of concrete is pretty complex with internal tension, shear damage and friction between cracks. To simulate the complex fracture process of concrete at meso level, methodology for meso-structural analysis of concrete specimens is developed; the zero thickness cohesive elements are pre-inserted to simulate the crack initiation and propagation; the constitutive applied in cohesive element is established to describe the mechanism of crack separation, closure and friction behavior between the fracture surfaces. A series of simulations were carried out based on the model proposed in this paper. The results reproduced the main fracture and mechanical feature of concrete under compression condition. The effect of key material parameters, structure size, and aggregate content on the concrete fracture pattern and loading carrying capacities was investigated. It is found that the inner friction coefficient has a significant influence on the compression character of concrete, the compression strength raises linearly with the increase of the inner friction coefficient, and the fracture pattern is sensitive to the mesostructure of concrete.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.750-754
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• 2008

The artificial aggregates with dense surface layer (shell) was fabricated and the dependence of water emission rate upon the shell structures was studied. The EAF dust containing many flux components and waste white clay with ignition loss of above 48% were used as for liquid phase and gas forming agents during a sintering process respectively. In addition, the shell structure was modified with various processes and the modification effect on water emission rate was analyzed. The pores under $10{\mu}m$ were found in the sintered artificial light aggregates and disappeared by incorporating to a bigger pore during re-sintering. The water emission rate in an initial step depended on a void content of aggregates filled in a bottle rather than a shell structure. But, after 7 days where the water emission of the aggregate with a shell is above 40%, the shell of aggregates suppressed the water emission. The core of aggregates was exposed and most shell was lost when crushed to smaller size so, the ability for suppressing water emission of the crushed aggregates decreased. The activation energy for the water emission was $3.46{\pm}0.25{\times}10^{-1}$J/mol for the most specimens showing that the activation energy is irrelevant to the pore size distribution and shell structure.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.207-222
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• 2019

This paper has presented an effective and accurate meso-scale finite element model for simulating the fracture process of concrete under compression-shear loading. In the proposed model, concrete is parted into four important phases: aggregates, cement matrix, interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and the initial defects. Aggregate particles were modelled as randomly distributed polygons with a varying size according to the sieve curve developed by Fuller and Thompson. With regard to initial defects, only voids are considered. Cohesive elements with zero thickness are inserted into the initial mesh of cement matrix and along the interface between aggregate and cement matrix to simulate the cracking process of concrete. The constitutive model provided by ABAQUS is modified based on Wang's experiment and used to describe the failure behaviour of cohesive elements. User defined programs for aggregate delivery, cohesive element insertion and modified facture constitutive model are developed based on Python language, and embedded into the commercial FEM package ABAQUS. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model are firstly identified by comparing the numerical results with the experimental ones, and then it is used to investigate the effect of meso-structure on the macro behavior of concrete. The shear strength of concrete under different pressures is also involved in this study, which could provide a reference for the macroscopic simulation of concrete component under shear force.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.79-96
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• 2005

The use of high-strength concrete (HSC) has significantly increased over the last decade, especially in offshore structures, long-span bridges, and tall buildings. The behavior of such concrete is noticeably different from that of normal-strength concrete (NSC) due to its different microstructure and mode of failure. In particular, the shear capacity of structural members made of HSC is a concern and must be carefully evaluated. The shear fracture surface in HSC members is usually trans-granular (propagates across coarse aggregates) and is therefore smoother than that in NSC members, which reduces the effect of shear transfer mechanisms through aggregate interlock across cracks, thus reducing the ultimate shear strength. Current code provisions for shear design are mainly based on experimental results obtained on NSC members having compressive strength of up to 50MPa. The validity of such methods to calculate the shear strength of HSC members is still questionable. In this study, a new approach based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to predict the shear capacity of NSC and HSC beams without shear reinforcement. Shear capacities predicted by the ANN model were compared to those of five other methods commonly used in shear investigations: the ACI method, the CSA simplified method, Response 2000, Eurocode-2, and Zsutty's method. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the ability of ANNs to capture the effect of main shear design parameters (concrete compressive strength, amount of longitudinal reinforcement, beam size, and shear span to depth ratio) on the shear capacity of reinforced NSC and HSC beams. It was found that the ANN model outperformed all other considered methods, providing more accurate results of shear capacity, and better capturing the effect of basic shear design parameters. Therefore, it offers an efficient alternative to evaluate the shear capacity of NSC and HSC members without stirrups.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2011

본 연구는 최적의 투수성과 보수성 및 압축강도를 갖는 보투수 포장체의 개발을 위한 것으로, 단입도의 골재 및 SAP를 사용함으로써 투수계수 및 보수성능의 개선은 물론 포장체의 온도저감효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 위하여 단입도 골재의 입경 및 SAP 첨가량에 따른 압축 및 휨강도에 대한 시험을 실시하였으며, 보투수 포장체의 투수성능 및 보수량에 대한 시험을 실시하였다. 시험결과 단입도 골재의 입경이 작아질수록, SAP 첨가량이 증가할수록 압축/휨 강도는 증가하였으며, 투수계수는 SAP 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 한편, 보투수 포장체의 흡수율 및 보수량은 골재의 입경이 작아질수록, SAP 첨가량이 증가할 수록 증가하였으며, 보투수 포장의 온도저감효과는 아스팔트포장에 비해 최대 $20^{\circ}C$ 까지 저감됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 1996

콘크리트의 국소화현상은 콘크리트의 연화거동에 수반되어 변형이 국부적으로 집중되는 현상으로 콘크리트 구조물의 극한하중을 지배한다. 본 연구에서는 연화거동에 따른 변형률국소화현상을 일으키는 콘크리트를 국소영역과 비국소영역으로 나누어 모형화하였으며 불균질재료의 평균화개념을 이용하여 콘크리트의 국소화거동을 정식화하였다. 본 연구에서는 정식화된 모형을 사용하여 일축압축 및 일축인장하중을 받는 콘크리트의변형의 국소화 현상을 재현하였으며, 제안된 모형이 일축하중하의 콘크리트의 국소화거동을 잘 재현할 수 있음을 실제 실험결과와의 비교를 통하여 검증하였다. 해석결과로부터 일축압축하중하의 콘크리트의 국소영역의 크기는 콘크리트의 최대골재치수의 3배가 적당하고, 시편의 길이에 따른 콘크리트의 크기효과도 재현할 수 있음을 보였다. 또한 제안된 모형식에 직접인장시험에서 구해진 인장연화곡선의 사용이 일축인장하의 콘크리트의 국소화현상을 잘 표현하는데 적합함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 5~13mm 순환골재를 치환한 콘크리트의 현장 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 목업 시험체를 제작하여 콘크리트를 타설한 후 이들이 콘크리트의 제반특성에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 기둥 및 벽체를 모사한 $1200{\times}800{\times}800mm$ 목업 시험체를 호칭강도 및 5~13mm 순환골재 치환율별로 7개 제작하였고, 24, 27 및 40MPa 급 호칭강도의 콘크리트에 5~13mm 순환골재 30%와 70%(24MPa만 해당)를 치환한 배합과 무치환배합을 선정하여 제조하였다. 실험항목으로 굳지않은 상태에서 슬럼프, 슬럼프플로, 블리딩을 측정하였고, 경화상태에서는 압축강도, 반발도, 코어강도 및 건조수축 길이변화율을 측정하였다. 연구결과 5~13mm 순환골재가 30% 치환된 경우 슬럼프, 슬럼프플로, 블리딩량은 플레인에 비해 향상되는 것으로 나타났고, 압축강도의 경우도 최밀 충전 효과에 기인하여 플레인보다 상승되는 것으로 나타났다. 목업 시험체의 높이별 반발도의 경우도 5~13mm 순환골재가 30%치환된 경우 상하간의 반발도차이가 감소되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.433-450
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• 2022

The conventional disposal methods of waste tires are harmful to the environment. Moreover, the recycling/reuse of waste tires in domestic and industrial applications is limited due to parent product's quality control and environmental concerns. Additionally, the recycling industry often prefers powdered rubber particles (<0.60 mm). However, the processing of waste tires yields both powdered and coarser (>0.60 mm) size fractions. Reprocessing of coarser rubber requires higher energy increasing the product cost. Therefore, the waste tire rubber (WTR) less favored by the recycling industry is encouraged for use in construction products as one of the environment-friendly disposal methods. In this study, WTR fiber >0.60 mm size fraction is collected from the industry and sorted into 0.60-1.18, 1.18-2.36-, and 2.36-4.75-mm sizes. The effects of different fiber size fractions are studied by incorporating it as fine aggregates at 10%, 20%, and 30% in the self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC). The experimental investigations are carried out by performing fresh and hardened state tests. As the fresh state tests, the slump-flow, T500, V-funnel, and L-box are performed. As the hardened state tests, the scanning electron microscope, compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength tests are conducted. Also, the water absorption, porosity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed to measure durability. Furthermore, SCRC's energy absorption capacity is evaluated using the falling weight impact test. The statistical significance of content and size fraction of WTR fiber on SCRC is evaluated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). As the general conclusion, implementation of various size fraction WTR fiber as fine aggregate showed potential for producing concrete for construction applications. Thus, use of WTR fiber in concrete is suggested for safe, and feasible waste tire disposal.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.611-619
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• 2021

다공성 아스팔트 포장은 혼합물 속에 포함된 20%정도의 공극으로 인해 도로의 수막현상을 억제하여 교통사고를 줄이고 교통소음을 획기적으로 줄이는 등 다양한 순기능을 갖는다. 그러나 다공성 아스팔트 혼합물은 혼합물 속에 포함된 20% 정도의 공극 때문에 혼합물의 내구성이 취약하게 되며, 이러한 취약한 내구성이 다공성 포장의 적용을 확장하는데 제약요인이 되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 다공성 포장의 내구성을 향상시키기 위해 최대입경, 온도 그리고 공극률의 변화가 혼합물의 균열저항성 및 수분민감성 등 혼합물의 내구성에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 다공성 아스팔트 혼합물의 내구성을 평가하기 위해 간접인장강도를 균열저항성 및 수분민감성의 척도로 설정하였다. 공극률이 20%로 동일하고 최대입경이 13mm, 10mm, 8mm인 혼합물에 대하여 상온과 동결융해를 경험한 시료에 대하여 간접인장강도 시험을 실시하였다. 그리고 최대입경 10mm인 동일한 재료로 공극이 20%와 22%인 혼합물에 대하여 동일한 시험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 공극률은 20%로 동일하고 최대입경의 변화와 온도의 변화에 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 실험온도에 대해서는 상온과 저온에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 최대입경의 변화에 대해서는 상온에서 8mm보다 13mm가 분명히 높은 강도를 보이고 저온에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 공극률과 온도의 변화에 대한 실험에서는 온도에 대해서는 유의한 차이를 보였지만 20%와 22% 사이의 2% 공극 차이는 내구성에 유의한 차이를 보이지 못했으며 서로간의 교호작용도 없는 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 다공성 아스팔트 혼합물의 내구성에 미치는 요소들의 정량적인 평가를 통해 보다 내구성 있는 다공성 아스팔트포장을 개발해 나갈 필요가 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.271-282
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• 1993

Unit root test for temporally aggregated first order autoregressive process is considered. The temporal aggregate of fist order autoregression is an autoregressive moving average of order (1,1) with moving average parameter being function of the autoregressive parameter. One-step Gauss-Newton estimators are proposed and are shown to have the same limiting distribution as the ordinary least squares estimator for unit root when complete observations are available. A Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the temporal aggregation have no effect on the size. The power of the suggested test are nearly the same as the powers of the test based on complete observations.