• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.229-237
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• 2010

This study analyzes the factors that affect the safety condition level of road-bridges, one of the important infrastructures. Utilizing Binary Logit model, this report empirically identifies the key factors that has influenced the recent assessed safety condition level of the first and the second major types of road-bridges, managed by public agencies, and the changes of the safety level for last six years. As a result of the analysis, the most important factor that influences the safety condition level is not the physical characteristics, but the management quality. As road-bridges are getting older and older, the management quality tends to bring about more differentials in assessing the safety condition level. The safety condition level, C or D, is likely to be improved the level, A or B, is likely to become degraded. To achieve the goal that keep the safety condition level, A and B, more than 90%, it should be considered to make the degrading rate from B to C lower. However, this study includes the limitation on data. It is essential to collect structure data that are spread out in many agencies to complement the limitation for further research.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.5-14
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• 2017

The hazard maps for predicting collapse on natural slopes consist of a combination of topographic, hydrological, and geological factors. Topographic factors are extracted from DEM, including aspect, slope, curvature, and topographic index. Hydrological factors, such as soil drainage, stream-power index, and wetness index are most important factors for slope instability. However, most of the urban areas are located on the plains and it is difficult to apply the hazard map using the topography and hydrological factors. In order to evaluate the risk of subsidence of flat and low slope areas, soil depth and groundwater level data were collected and used as a factor for interpretation. In addition, the reliability of the hazard map was compared with the disaster history of the study area (Gangnam-gu and Yeouido district). In the disaster map of the disaster prevention agency, the urban area was mostly classified as the stable area and did not reflect the collapse history. Soil depth, drainage conditions and groundwater level obtained from boreholes were added as input data of hazard map, and disaster vulnerability increased at the location where the actual subsidence points. In the study area where damage occurred, the moderate and low grades of the vulnerability of previous hazard map were 12% and 88%, respectively. While, the improved map showed 2% high grade, moderate grade 29%, low grade 66% and very low grade 2%. These results were similar to actual damage.

• Survey Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-78
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• 2004

This paper examines political leaders' image based on the concepts of social identity and distance. These concepts come from the two ideas: (1) Individuals create events to confirm the sentiments that they have about themselves and others in the current situation. (2) During this process structured sets of beliefs (social identity) about attributes of various entities are formed. Statistical analysis of the data from college students in Seoul offers three main findings. First, attributes clustered into four major groups-sociability, responsibility, power and activity. Sociability concerns as sense of approval or disapproval that can elaborated into closeness and intimacy. Responsibility relates to the judgement of morality, public obligation, or other standards. Power refers to social power, physical magnitude and so on. Activity indexes an entity's spontaneity, which can be elaborate into judgements of agency, speed and so on, Second, respondents evaluate negatively political leaders at the dimensions of sociability, responsibility, and activity, They are positively evaluated only at the dimension of power. Third, political leaders who are felt to be closer than others seem to have more political support nowadays.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.97-114
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• 2019

The relationship quality and recovery of service failures perceived by consumers play an essential role in affecting the service provider's image and sales in terms of the highly involved service industry. In particular, implementation of successful relationship marketing strategies and effective recovery of service failures provide greater satisfaction for customers expecting customized services and reinforce the relationships between the companies and consumers. Based on these previous studies, this research conducted to find out the causal relationship between the variables influencing service recovery expectations and word of mouth(WOM) by approaching the severity of service failures from the perspective of relationship marketing and attribution theory. For the empirical analysis of this research, we conducted a questionnaire surveys of 360 service users of beauty salons, who have experienced in high-involvement services, and utilized 333 questionnaires for the final analysis. The hypothesis was experimented using the Structural Equation Model(SEM), and the results are as follows. First, we identified that the higher the customer perceived the severity of the service failure, the lower the quality of the relationship. Second, we verified that service users observed service failure as a temporary and uncontrollable factor as they distinguished service quality as higher. Third, the hypothesis that customers recognize service failures as a temporary one has a positive impact on service recovery expectation level is determined through empirical analysis. Forth, it was figured out that the higher the perceived quality of the relationship with the service provider, the higher the service recovery level expected by the consumers. At the same time, the hypothesis that optimism for service recovery expectation affects positive word of mouth has been verified. The results of this study help develop the customer-oriented business model of the service companies. Furthermore, the academic significance in that it suggested a new direction for the research of high-involvement service marketing.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.3 s.52
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• pp.245-251
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• 2005

Safety is one of the key issue in the regulation of cosmetics. Cosmetic Act deals with it in Korea. The guidance for the testing cosmetic ingredients and their safety evaluation are prepared by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Ultraviolet radiation could Induce skin damage, edema, erythema, photoaging, immune dysfunction and skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation is classified as Group 2A(probably carcinogenic to humans) by International Agenry for Reaserch on Cancer(IARC). The in vitro methodologies for evaluating the toxic potential of ingredients reported in the literature have not yet been sufficiently validated for use in areas other than the study for mutagenicity/genotoxicity, for pre-screening for severe irritancy, for screening of phototoxicity and for evaluating the percutaneous absorption. The 3T3 neutral red uptake photoxicity test (3T3 NRU PT) was accepted as OECD toxicity guideline in 2002. The 3T3 NRU PT is an in vitro method based on a comparison of the cytotoxicitv of a chemical when tested in the presence and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/visible light.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

We explore the issues on online political participation study in Korea compared with international one. More specifically, we characterize Korea's study trends as focusing on "who" is participating while international studies center on what the new "forms" of online political participation are. In other words, domestic studies try to show that online media play a role as a factor promoting bottom-up model of civic participation. Moreover, this function of online media is stimulated by the rapid growing of civic participation during democratization and citizens' deep disapproval of political institutions since then. However, previous studies are more interested in the expansion of participants, in particular, ordinary people. Therefore, the themes on conceptualizing and categorizing the online political participation seem to have been treated lightly. In this perspective, we need to view online political participation in a more multidimensional manner. In addition, we should pay attention to "those who do not participate" as well as "those who participate" in politics. Because the current media environment more tends to provoke citizens' political indifference than ever before. If it comes to that, we will be likely to face the circumstances worrying the democratic divide beyond the digital divide.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.95-115
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• 2018

This study aims to examine organization members' intention to violate security policies based on the Person-Environment Fit Model. This study investigated the effect of the relationship between organizational security environment and the individual security value on the intention of organizational security policy violation. The security environments are classified into the organizational information security culture and peers' behavior of security compliance, while the personal values are classified into reconstructing the conduct, distorting the consequence, and devaluing the organization as presented in the moral disengagement theory. Based on the concept of the moral disengagement theory, we measured the individual security values as a second order factor. This study found that the information security culture had a statistically significant impact on devaluing the organization, but did not have as much impact on reconstructing the conduct and distorting the consequence. Peers' behavior of security compliance had a significant impact on reconstructing the conduct, distorting the consequence and devaluing the organization, all of which also had relevant impact on the organizational members' intention of security policy violation.This study measured a persons' perception on security policy breach by presenting scenarios of password sharing that is common in many organizations. This study is expected to make practical contributions, as it deals with challenges that many organizations are actually faced with.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.82-111
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• 2020

Recently, increasing use of big data have caused regulation factors of personal information and combination of pseudonymized information to emerge as key policy measures. Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the mediating effect and moderating effect of pseudonymized information combination as the third variable in the relationship between regulation factors of personal information and big data utilization. The analysis showed the following results: First, among personal information regulation factors, definition regulation, consent regulation, supervisory authority regulation, and punishment intensity regulation showed a positive(+) relationship with the big data utilization, while among pseudonymized information combination factors, non-identification of combination, standardization of combined pseudonymized information, and responsibility of combination were also found to be in a positive relationship with the use of big data. Second, among the factors of pseudonymized information combination, non-identification of combination, standardization of combined pseudonymized information, and responsibility of combination showed a positive(+) mediating effect in relation to regulation factors of personal information and big data utilization. Third, in the relationship between personal information regulation factors and big data utilization, the moderating effect hypothesis that each combination institution type of pseudonymized information (free-type, intermediary-type, and designated-type) would play a different role as a moderator was rejected. Based on the results of the empirical research, policy alternatives of 'Good Regulation' were proposed, which would maintain balance between protection of personal information and big data utilization.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-133
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• 2002

Background : It is very common in Korea to take care of non-acute patients in an acute setting, due to the lack of long-term facilities. Long term hospitalization increase medical expenses and decreases the bed utilization, which can affect the urgent and emergent admissions, and eventually jeopardize the hospital financially. In this study, strategies for effective transfers to the lower levels of care, and to decrease the length of stay were presented by surveying and analyzing the patient's knowledge of the transfer needs, and the willingness to transfer those whose hospital length of stay was more than 30days. Method : The survey is subject to a group of 251 patients who have been hospitalized over 30 days in a general hospital in Seoul. Excluding those that were in the Intensive Care Unit and psychiatric ward, 214 in-patients were used as participants. They were surveyed from April 9, 2002 to April 17, 2002. One hundred and thirty seven out of 214 were responded which made the response rate 64%. Data were analyzed by SAS and SPSS. Result : Multi-variable Logistic Regression Analysis showed a significant effect in medical expenses, knowledge of referral system and the information of the receiving hospital. The financial burden in medical expenses made the patient 10.7 times more willing to be transferred, knowledge of the referral system made them 5 times more willing to be transferred, and the information of receiving hospital makes 6.5 times more willing to be transferred. Reasons for willing to be transferred to a lower level of care were the phase of physical therapy, the distance from home, the attending physician's advice and being unable to be treated as an out patient. Reasons for refusing to be transferred were the following. The attending physician's competency, not being ready to be discharged, not trusting the receiving hospital's competency due to the lack of information, or never hearing about the referring system by the attending physician. Conclusion : Based on this, strategies for the effective transfer to the lower levels of care were suggested. It is desirable for the attending physician to be actively involved by making an effort to explain the transfer need, and referring to the Healthcare Coordinating Center, which can help the patient make the right decision. Nationwide networking for the referral system is the another key factor that may need to be suggested as an alternative to decrease the medical expenses. Collaborating with the Home Health Agency for the early discharge planning and the Social Service Department for financial aid are also needed. It is recommended that the hospital should expedite the transfer process by prioritizing the cost and the information as medical expenses, knowledge of referring system and the information of the receiving hospital, are the most important factors to the willingness to transfer to a lower level of care.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.237-244
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• 2017

Magnetic flux ropes, often observed during intervals of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, have long been recognized to be critical in space weather. In this work, we focus on magnetic flux rope structure but on a much smaller scale, and not necessarily related to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Using near-Earth solar wind advanced composition explorer (ACE) observations from 1998 to 2016, we identified a total of 309 small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs). We compared the characteristics of identified SMFR events with those of normal magnetic cloud (MC) events available from the existing literature. First, most of the MCs and SMFRs have similar values of accompanying solar wind speed and proton densities. However, the average magnetic field intensity of SMFRs is weaker (~7.4 nT) than that of MCs (~10.6 nT). Also, the average duration time and expansion speed of SMFRs are ~2.5 hr and 2.6 km/s, respectively, both of which are smaller by a factor of ~10 than those of MCs. In addition, we examined the geoeffectiveness of SMFR events by checking their correlation with magnetic storms and substorms. Based on the criteria Sym-H < -50 nT (for identification of storm occurrence) and AL < -200 nT (for identification of substorm occurrence), we found that for 88 SMFR events (corresponding to 28.5 % of the total SMFR events), substorms occurred after the impact of SMFRs, implying a possible triggering of substorms by SMFRs. In contrast, we found only two SMFRs that triggered storms. We emphasize that, based on a much larger database than used in previous studies, all these previously known features are now firmly confirmed by the current work. Accordingly, the results emphasize the significance of SMFRs from the viewpoint of possible triggering of substorms.