• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 2013

The present study examined balanced bilingual children's cognitive and affective perspective-taking and compared them to that of monolingual children. A total of 133 children aged 4 to 5 years and consisting of 73 Korean-English bilinguals and 60 Korean monolinguals were tested with cognitive perspective-taking and affective perspective-taking tasks. Balanced bilinguals were screened through general language ability tests in both English and Korean. Participant backgrounds were collected through a parent questionnaire. Results showed significant differences in affective perspective-taking between bilingual and monolingual children, demonstrating that bilingual children outperformed monolingual children. Although there was no difference in cognitive perspective-taking between bilinguals and monolinguals, the result showed that children's cognitive perspective-taking ability develops with age. This study provides basic information about bilingual children's perspective-taking ability and their bilingual advantage.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the age-related differences in the relationship and developmental tendency between Orphanage and Normal Children's affective and cognitive perspective-taking ability. The subjects were 5-year-old (N=64) and 7-year-old (N=64) children. In each group, there were equal number of boys and girls, 128 Children were composed of(male: 32, female: 32) and orphanage Children(male: 32, female: 32). Feshbach & Roe's child perspective-taking ability test was modified for this study and the test included four facial expression cards and six different stories including three types of affection. In the procedure of study, after a set of story cards containing one of three affective types, the subject was asked to retell the story shown in each cards to study cognitive perspective-taking ability, and for the affective perspective-taking ability. Then the subject was asked to tell the feeling of the hero in the story and to select one of the four facial expression which is consistent with the feeling. The cognitive perspective-taking ability and affective perspective-taking ability response were coded three kinds of scoring respectively. Scored data were analyzed with MANOVA. t-test, Pearson Correlations and Fisher-z test. The results were shown as follow : First, both Orpanage and Normal Children's the cognitive and affective perspective-taking ability increased with age. Secondly, both Orpanage and Normal Children's perspective-taking ability was lower than Normal Children's perspective-taking ability. Thirdly, both Orpanage and Normal Children's correlation between cognitive and affective perspective-taking ability increased with age.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.65-77
• /
• 2008

This study investigated differences of display rule by age and gender and the effects of theory of mind and affective perspective taking on display rule. Subjects were 64 4- to 5-year old children. Instruments were false belief, appearance-reality distinction, affective perspective taking, gift-giving, and display rule understanding task. Findings were (1) Display rule understanding differed by age; older children understood the display rules better than younger children. (2) Theory of mind influenced positive display rule behavior. (3) Theory of mind and affective perspective taking had a significant effect on display rule understanding.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.107-120
• /
• 2002

This study compared the social skills and affective perspective taking of institutionalized and home-reared children. The subjects were 59 institutionalized and 60 home-reared children in Seoul. Results showed that institutionalized children were lower in cooperation, self-assertion and self-control than home-reared children. Institutionalized children were lower in delight, sadness, fear, and anger than home-reared children. As skills in self-control increased, the level of affective perspective taking about fear increased.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 1988

This study was designed to investigate the relation between perspective-taking skills and communication abilities of young children. The major purposes of this study were to study the relation between perspective-taking skills and communication abilities, to investigate the relation perspective-taking skills and communication abilities with differing listeners, to investigate sex differences in communication abilities within the higher group the perspective-taking skills with differing listeners, and to determine differences between the sexes in communication abilities within the higher group of perspective-taking skills in different situational conditions. Sixty kindergarteners (30 boys and 30 girls) were tested on their perspective taking abilities and divided into two groups, the higher and the lower groups. Five instruments were used in this study: spatial, affective and cognitive perspective-taking tests, expression-ability test, and a communication ability test. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using Pearson's r, point biserial coefficient correlations (rpb), t-test, and three-way analyses of variance with one factor repeated measurement. There were significant relations between spatial, cognitive perspective-taking skills and kindergartener's communication abilities. There were no significant differences in communication abilities in differing listeners and situational conditions. In the group whose level of perspective taking-skills was high, differences between the sexes were found in spatial, and affective perspective-taking skills, only in case of differing listeners.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.167-177
• /
• 2014

The study examined the influences of age, empathy and perspective taking ability on altruistic lying in 5 and 6 year old children. Eighty three children answered a question as to whether a protagonist would lie after listening to three vignettes involving altruistic lies. Korean versions of the Affective Situation Test(AST) and cognitive perspective taking task were used to measure children's empathy and perspective taking respectively. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences in altruistic lying by age. Altruistic lie by children was positively related with their age, empathy and perspective taking ability. In particular, age and perspective taking ability are important factors influencing children's altruistic lie in young children in Korea.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.121-139
• /
• 1996

The purpose of the present study was to explore a model program to improve preschool children's self-concept, perspective-taking and prosocial behavior through "Understanding Activities of Self and Others." Sixty 5- to 6-year-old children were selected by random sampling from a Kindergarten located in Seoul. Thirty children were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. The 8-week intervention program used the instrument, "Understanding Activities of Self and Others," constructed by the present researchers. One-way ANOVA and MANOVA were used for data analysis. At the end of the 8-week period, significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in self-concept, perspective-taking ability, and prosocial behavior. This indicates the effectiveness of the present study in improving children's affective, cognitive, and behavioral traits.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제27권7호
• /
• pp.663-675
• /
• 2007

세포 내의 화학 반응은 매우 복잡하고 추상적이어서 학생들이 이해하는 데 어려움을 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 세포 내 화학 반응에서 중요한 역할을 하는 효소 작용에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해 실험 결과 해석 과정에서 체계적 비유를 사용한 수업을 계획하고 10학년 학생들을 대상으로 이 수업이 효소 개념 이해에 미친 효과와 그 과정에서 체계적 비유가 어떤 역할을 하였는지 분석하였다. 실험반 학생들의 효소 개념 이해 정도가 대조반에 비해 유의수준 0.05에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보여 체계적 비유가 효소 개념 이해에 효과적임을 나타내었다. 효소 작용 개념을 내용별로 세분하여 살펴보면 특히 '온도 pH에 따른 효소 구조 변화와 반응 속도', '효소의 계속적 무작위적 작용'과 같이 학생들이 이해하기 어려워하는 평형 범주의 속성을 지닌 개념에 대한 이해에서 체계적 비유의 효과가 크게 나타났다. 이 과정에서 체계적 비유는 학생들의 개념 지위를 향상시키는데 긍정적인 역할을 하였다. 비유물의 가시화와 친숙성은 학생들의 효소 작용 개념에 대한 이해가능성을 높였으며, 효소 반응 실험에서 나타난 현상을 과학 개념과 연결짓는데 발판 역할을 함으로써 실험 결과를 과학 개념으로 일관성 있게 설명할 수 있게하여 개념 지위를 그럴듯함으로 향상시켰다. 또한 학생들에게 친숙한 비유는 학생들의 흥미를 유발시키고 어려운 과학 개념에 쉽게 다가갈 수 있도록 함으로써 정의적 측면에서도 매우 긍정적인 역할을 하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.249-261
• /
• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 과학자들의 문제 해결 과정에서 공감요소를 추출하고 그 공감요소가 과학자들의 문제 해결 상황에서 어떤 영향을 주고 있는지 확인해보고자 한다. 이에 본 연구는 창의성 연구자들이 언급한 과학자들 중 공통인물 6명을 분석대상으로 선정하고 그들의 자서전 및 그들의 일대기에 관련한 논문을 통해 그들의 문제 해결 사례에서 공감요소를 추출하여 이를 유목화 하였다. 총 12개의 서적과 50여개의 논문에서 제시한 사례를 Davis의 공감척도를 분석틀로 분석하였고 공통요인을 추출하였다. 그 결과 총 182개의 사례에서 과학 공감요소가 추출되었고, 이 중 33개의 공통요소가 발견되었다. 과학교육전문가집단의 내용타당도 검사를 통하여 본 사례의 타당도를 확인한 결과, 전문가의 내용타당도 I-CVI 평균은 .86, S-CVI 평균 .90값이 확인되었다. 과학자들이 문제 해결사례에서 활용하고 있는 공감요소는 인지적 공감으로 관점 취하기 측면에서 3가지(다른 학문 분야를 통한 공감, 연구대상의 관점에서 공감, 다른 사람의 의견 수용), 상상하기 측면에서 3가지(관찰 근거의 상상, 사고 실험, 연구 대상에 대한 유기체적 느낌), 정서적 공감으로 공감적 관심측면에서 3가지(동료 연구자의 의욕에 따른 반응, 연구대상에 대한 감동, 더 연구하고 싶은 흥분), 개인적 각성 측면에서 2가지(타인의 연구실패에 대한 불편한 감정, 문제에 대한 민감성)가 추출되었다. 이는 Davis의 공감요소와 완벽하게 일치한다고 할 수 없었으나 과학자들의 사례에서 발견되는 이러한 공통되는 요소를 기초로 과학 공감요소에 대한 정의가 가능할 것이다.