• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.307-325
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• 2007

Examining the standards of review adopted by the dispute settlement body of the WTO in its decision on safeguard measures, the Appellate Body offers no coherent guidance or theory as to the legitimation of the safeguard measures adopted by the domestic authorities. It faults the lack of reasoned and adequate explanation in the national authorities' decision to impose safeguard measures, yet its own explanation of the permissible role for safeguard measure could hardly be less instructive. The Appellate Body has consistently emphasized fidelity to text in its decision but that approach can not work properly when the text is fundamentally deficient from the viewpoints that neither Article XIX nor the safeguard Agreement establish a coherent foundation for safeguard measures due to their vague and abstract provision. Without any coherent theory on guidance as to the legitimation of the safeguard measures, it would be absurd to expect WTO members to produce a reasoned and adequate explanation as to how their safeguard measures are in compliance with the WTO roles. In the absence of a thorough renegotiation for the proper operation of the WTO safeguard system, which seems quite unlikely for the foreseeable future, perhaps the unique method out of the current predicament is for the Appellate Body to lead a movement in establishing a sensible common law of safeguards, drawing on extra-textual guidance including the standards of review about their proper role in the WTO safeguard mechanism.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1997

In this paper, a new method of the 3D(dimensional) image reconstruction is proposed to build up the 3D image from 2D images using digital image processing techniques and computer graphics. First, the new feature extraction algorithm that doesn't need various input parameters and is not affected by threshold is adopted This new algorithm extracts feature points by eliminating some undesirable points on the ground of the connectivity. Second, as the cast function to reconstruct surfaces using extracted feature points, the minimum distance measure between two plane images has been adopted According to this measure, the surface formation algorithm doesn't need complex calculation and takes the form of triangle or trapezoid To investigate usefulness, this approach has been applied to a head CT image and compared with other methods. Experimental comparisons show that the suggested algorithm yields better performance on feature extraction than others. In contrast with the other methods, the complex calculation for surface formation in the proposed algorithm is not necessary.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2003

The young casual wear market has been recently increased by the great buying power of the target consumers, although they don't have their own discretionary income. The purpose of this study was to investigate clothing attitudes of the adolescent consumers of the young casual wear market according to the groups of personality types. The questions on introversion/extroversion of MBTI test were adopted to measure introversion/extroversion in personal characteristics. The questions in "The personality diagnosis of high school students" developed by Lee, Chongseung and Chung, Bummo were adopted to measure stability, dominance, sociability and autonomy. Variables of clothing attitudes were composed with attentiveness, modesty and conformity. A total 488 high school students in Seoul participated in the survey. SPSS Win 10 statistical package was used to analyze the data: frequency, t-test, ANOVA and factor analysis. After statistical analysis, the following results were found. Groups of introversion and extroversion, and groups of low, medium and high degree of stability, dominance, sociability and autonomy showed no significant difference based on sex difference and school types. Students who has a high extroversion showed a high degree of attentiveness in clothing attitudes. Students who has the lowest sociability and the lowest autonomy showed a high degree of attentiveness. Students with the lowest autonomy showed a high degree of conformity. The younger the students were, the higher their attentiveness and modesty in clothing attitudes.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 2011

This paper presents a method for facial feature representation and recognition from the Covariance Matrices of the Gabor-filtered images. Gabor filters are a very powerful tool for processing images that respond to different local orientations and wave numbers around points of interest, especially on the local features on the face. This is a very unique attribute needed to extract special features around the facial components like eyebrows, eyes, mouth and nose. The Covariance matrices computed on Gabor filtered faces are adopted as the feature representation for face recognition. Geodesic distance measure is used as a matching measure and is preferred for its global consistency over other methods. Geodesic measure takes into consideration the position of the data points in addition to the geometric structure of given face images. The proposed method is invariant and robust under rotation, pose, or boundary distortion. Tests run on random images and also on publicly available JAFFE and FRAV3D face recognition databases provide impressively high percentage of recognition.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.1321-1325
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• 2003

Nickel thin film is one of the most important materials used in micromachined structure. To measure the mechanical properties of electroplated nickel thin film, two techniques are adopted and compared quantitatively with. One is nano-indentation test to measure the elastic modulus. The other is tensile test to measure not only elastic modulus but also yield strength and plastic deformation, ultimate strength. To perform the tensile test, the test apparatus was constructed with linear guided servo motor for actuation, load cell for force measurement and dual microscope for strain measurement.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.238-246
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• 2011

This paper proposes a new semantic representation and its associated similarity measure. The representation expresses textual context observed in a context of a certain term as a network where nodes are terms and edges are the number of cooccurrences between connected terms. To compare terms represented in networks, a graph kernel is adopted as a similarity measure. The proposed representation has two notable merits compared with previous semantic representations. First, it can process polysemous words in a better way than a vector representation. A network of a polysemous term is regarded as a combination of sub-networks that represent senses and the appropriate sub-network is identified by context before compared by the kernel. Second, the representation permits not only words but also senses or contexts to be represented directly from corresponding set of terms. The validity of the representation and its similarity measure is evaluated with two tasks: synonym test and unsupervised word sense disambiguation. The method performed well and could compete with the state-of-the-art unsupervised methods.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-222
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• 2005

A prerequisite for making R&D more productive is to able to measure its productivity. Most of the previous studies on this topic have attempted to measure R&D productivity at the firm or industry levels. In this study, however, R&D productivity is measured at the national level to provide R&D policy implications, particularly for Asian countries. Contrary to the previous studies where total factor productivity was adopted, this study employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to measure R&D productivity. DEA is a multi-factor productivity analysis model for measuring the relative efficiency of each Decision Making Unit (DMU). In addition to the basic DEA model that includes all inputs and outputs, five additional models are constructed by combining single input with all outputs and single output with all inputs in order to measure specialized R&D efficiency. In this study, the twenty-seven countries are classified into four clusters based on the output-specialized R&D efficiency: inventors, merchandisers, academicians, and duds. Then, the characteristics of the Asian countries with respect to R&D efficiency are identified. It is found that Singapore ranks high in total efficiency, and Japan in patent-oriented efficiency. Meanwhile, China, Korea, and Taiwan are found to be relatively inefficient in R&D. We expect that the findings from this study will be able to provide directions for R&D policy-making of the Asian countries.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.628-634
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• 2009

It is a common practice in Hong Kong for the main contractors of local building projects to sublet most of the work to subcontractors. Consequently their roles have gradually transformed from a constructor to a manager of subcontractors. The outcomes of a project therefore depend heavily on the subcontractors' performance. However, most of the subcontractors complain that they are unable to efficiently and effectively operate due to site coordination problems, such as inaccurate site reference lines, caused by main contractors. The site problems may consume significant amounts of resources if practical solutions cannot be agreed by the project participants early enough. Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II) model was developed by M.A. Rahim that measure five types of conflict management style including Integrating, Obliging, Dominating, Avoiding and Compromising. This paper presents the questionnaire survey based on the ROCI-II model to rank the preference on the conflict management style adopted by the project representatives of the subcontractors in handling the site coordination problems and its impact to the time used to agree the solutions to the different types of site coordination problems with main contractor. The survey results show that most of the subcontractors' project representatives preferred to adopt the Compromising style to tackle the site coordination problems and the time used to agree the solutions with main contractor was influenced by the conflict management style adopted.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 1995

In this paper damage propagation of a material during forming is investigated with the concept of continuum damage mechanics. An isotropic damage model based on the theory of materials of type N is adopted to describe the damage process of a ductile material with large elasto-viscoplastic deformation. The stiffness degradation of the loaded material is chosen as a damage measure. The highly nonlinear equilibrium equations are reduced to the incremental weak form and approximated by the total Lagrangian finite element method. To simulate contact condition, extended interior penalty method with modified coulomb friction law is adopted. The displacement control method along with the modified Riks' continuation technique is used to solve the incremental iterative equations. As numerical examples, upsetting problem and backward extrusion problem are simulated and the results of damage propagation and $J_2$ stress contours with and without friction are presented.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.113-132
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• 2004

This study aims to suggest desirable directions through analyzing English test items of college entrance examinations(CEE) in Korea, China, and Japan. To achieve this, English test items of Scholastic Ability Test(SAT) in Korea were compared with those of CEE in China and Japan, and test items of TOEFL and IELTS. It was found that there were not many items for testing productive skills relatively to the tests of other countries including TOEFL and IELTS. Especially, there were integrated items for writing test in China. In case of speaking test, all the other country adopted direct ways like interview and oral test, not indirect test as in the SAT in Korea. It is suggested that there need to be included test items comprising long passages in order to measure extensive reading ability. It can be suggested that doze test be adopted for testing integrated proficiency of English.