• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2013

This study proposed a method to analyze the economic benefit of the national map revision program using the replacement cost method. The replacement cost method measures the benefit of a project as the minimum cost to replace functions of the project with those of alternative goods or services in an existing market. Thus, the demands on 1/5,000 topographic map revision in 18 administrative tasks such as city and district management planning were surveyed in three local autonomous entities. Then the cost to alternatively fulfill the demands was estimated with the standard construction estimating system for the field surveying and surveying results in commercial GIS companies for the site investigation. With this cost estimation model, the benefit of the current national map revision program to the local autonomous entities was estimated as 265,960,999 won. And cost benefit ratios according to several revision frequencies from 0.5 to 4 year were also compared to find the optimal frequency.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1493-1499
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• 2005

Background. Adequate staffing is necessary to meet patient care needs and provide safe, quality nursing care. In November 1999, the Korean government implemented a new staffing policy that differentiates nursing fees for inpatients based on nurse-to-bed ratios. The purpose was to prevent hospitals from delegating nursing care to family members of patients or paid caregivers, and ultimately deteriorating the quality of nursing care services. Purpose. To examine nurse staffing levels and related factors including hospital, nursing and medical staff, and financial characteristics. Methods. A cross-sectional design was employed using two administrative databases, Medical Care Institution Database and Medical Claims Data for May 1-31, 2002. Nurse staffing was graded from 1 to 6, based on grading criteria of nurse-to-bed ratios provided by the policy. The study sample consisted of 42 tertiary and 186 general acute care hospitals. Results. None of tertiary or general hospitals gained the highest nurse staffing of Grade 1 (i.e., less than 2 beds per nurse in tertiary hospitals; less than 2.5 beds per nurse in general hospitals). Two thirds of the general hospitals had the lowest staffing of Grade 6 (i.e., 4 or more beds per nurse in tertiary hospitals; 4.5 or more beds per nurse in general hospitals). Tertiary hospitals were better staffed than general hospitals, and private hospitals had higher staffing levels compared to public hospitals. Large-sized general hospitals located in metropolitan areas had higher staffing than other general hospitals. Occupancy rate was positively related to nurse staffing. A negative relationship between nursing assistant and nurse staffing was found in general hospitals. A greater number of physician specialists were associated with better nurse staffing. Conclusions. The staffing policy needs to be evaluated and modified to make it more effective in leading hospitals to increase nurse staffing.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.381-396
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• 2011

This study is to investigate the factors affecting the regional rate of certification for long-term care insurance benefits. Analyzed data were the 253,935 certified beneficiaries (equivalent to 4.9% of total elderly population) as long-term care degree (LTC degree) 1~3 extracted from the applicants for long-term care in the beginning stage of the system from April 15 2008 to July 1 2009. Although the data were collected from individuals, after restructured into regional data and then analysed in the unit of 225 administrative regions for the Korean Long-term Care Insurance. The rate of certification was operated as the percentage of people of LTC degree 1~3 to the elderly population in each region. The average rate of certification among regions was 4.91%, and ranged from 2.20% to 8.32%. In the analysing regression models, most socio-demographic variables, applicants' disease characteristics, regional service infrastructure, and the certification interviewer's characteristics were included. The most influencing variables were the disease factors of applicants, especially dementia or cerebrovascular disease rather than arthritis, osteoporosis, or fracture patients were strong factors for the regional rate of certification. However, advanced studies adding more explainable factors on the regional variance of certification rate would be necessary to provide political agenda and measures for evidence-based certification process with high reliability and validity for a sustainable LTC system in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 2019

In digital pathology, an electronic system in the biomedical domain storage of the files is a big constrain and because all the analysis and annotation takes place at every user-end manually, it becomes even harder to manage the data that is being shared inside an enterprise. Therefore, we need such a storage system which is not only big enough to store all the data but also manage it and making communication of that data much easier without losing its true from. A virtual server setup is one of those techniques which can solve this issue. We set a main server which is the main storage for all the virtual machines(that are being used at user-end) and that main server is controlled through a hypervisor so that if we want to make changes in storage overall or the main server in itself, it could be reached remotely from anywhere by just using the server's IP address. The server in our case includes XML-RPC based API which are transmitted between computers using HTTP protocol. JAVA API connects to HTTP/HTTPS protocol through JAVA Runtime Environment and exists on top of other SDK web services for the productivity boost of the running application. To manage the server easily, we use Tkinter library to develop the GUI and pmw magawidgets library which is also utilized through Tkinter. For managing, monitoring and performing operations on virtual machines, we use Python binding to XML-RPC based API. After all these settings, we approach to make the system user friendly by making GUI of the main server. Using that GUI, user can perform administrative functions like restart, suspend or resume a virtual machine. They can also logon to the slave host of the pool in case of emergency and if needed, they can also filter virtual machine by the host. Network monitoring can be performed on multiple virtual machines at same time in order to detect any loss of network connectivity.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2010

Objectives: To compare the performance of three International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision translations of the Charlson comorbidities when predicting in-hospital among patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: MI patients ${\geq}20$ years of age with the first admission during 2006 were identified(n=20,280). Charlson comorbidities were drawn from Heath Insurance Claims Data managed by Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea. Comparisions for various conditions included (a) three algorithms (Halfon, Sundararajan, and Quan algorithms), (b) lookback periods (1-, 3- and 5-years), (c) data range (admission data, admission and ambulatory data), and (d) diagnosis range (primary diagnosis and first secondary diagnoses, all diagnoses). The performance of each procedure was measured with the c-statistic derived from multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, admission type and Charlson comorbidity index. A bootstrapping procedure was done to determine the approximate 95% confidence interval. Results: Among the 20,280 patients, the mean age was 63.3 years, 67.8% were men and 7.1% died while hospitalized. The Quan and Sundararajan algorithms produced higher prevalences than the Halfon algorithm. The c-statistic of the Quan algorithm was slightly higher, but not significantly different, than that of other two algorithms under all conditions. There was no evidence that on longer lookback periods, additional data, and diagnoses improved the predictive ability. Conclusions: In health services study of MI patients using Health Insurance Claims Data, the present results suggest that the Quan Algorithm using a 1-year lookback involving primary diagnosis and the first secondary diagnosis is adequate in predicting in-hospital mortality.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2009

The fire organization of civil servant is a specified public official job which traditionally is characterized by conservative attributes, highly emphasized with a hierarchical culture and the order from higher position. Such a special condition of the fire organization is seemingly regarded as a prerequisite of the occurrence especially prevalent of the systematic discord rather than the other system of a civil servant such as a common administrative job. The conflict among fire officials which is caused by the variety of effort that has been input in pursuit of making a desirable structure does not in progress or even though it dose, weakened by a counterbalance. Therefore, the goal of this research is inducing a plan to revitalize the fire organization through the corroborative analysis of the conflict between indoor duty and outdoor service ones. That is the reason of the disagreement, the device of getting rid of discord and so on.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.90-98
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• 2004

This paper covers the issue of securing ad hoc networks. Such networks exhibit a number of characteristics that make such a task challenging. One of the major challenges is that ad hoc networks typically lack a fixed infrastructure both in form of physical infrastructure such as routers, servers, and stable communication links and in the form of an organizational or administrative infrastructure. Another difficulty lies in the highly dynamic nature of ad hoc networks since new nodes can join and leave the network at any time. The major problem in providing security services in such infrastructure less networks is how to manage the cryptographic keys that are needed. In order to design practical and efficient key management systems it is necessary to understand the characteristics of ad hoc networks and why traditional key management systems cannot be used. These issues are covered and we also present a new efficient key management solutions. Finally we show that the proposed method is more efficient than the previous works through simulations.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.219-268
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• 2006

In July 1989, Korea had achieved the national medical insurance system comprehensively covering the whole population since its inception of 12 years before, and subsequently the plural medical insurers had integrated to the unique health insurer system in July 2000. But there yet remain some problems to be improved under low contributions rates and poor benefit packages, especially the shortage of assuring beneficiaries' rights. The Health Insurance Appeal System is composed of a two-tiered system of committee. The Formal Objection Committees built in the National Health Insurance Corporation and in the Health Insurance Review Agency respectively examine the formal objections to the decisions of the Corporation, or the Review Agency. And the Dispute Mediation Committee built under the command of the Minister of Health and Welfare reviews the protests against the decisions on the formal objections by each Formal Objection Committee. To cope with the appellant in relation to the administration on the qualification of the insureds, contributions, and insurance benefits etc, is found to be unsatisfactory. There's the reason of poor function on right-relief caused by the loose composition of the Appeal Committee, the deficit of people's recognition and P.R., the lack of professional manpower and the Committee's independency, and time lag in making decisions and so on. Consequently the Appeal System should be improved to secure the rights-relief function, to empower the professionalism of the Appeal Committee, to strengthen P.R. for the beneficiaries, to build up the staff's proficiency through training, and to develop the quality of administrative services.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4082-4089
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• 2012

This study is to provide basic data for a higher level of customer satisfaction by investigating the satisfaction factors of and dissatisfaction factors for the outpatients. The survey was conducted with the outpatients in a general hospital located in Daejeon on October 24, 2011. A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed and 144 copies were used as the statistical analysis. As a result of the research, it is found that convenience is the most influential factor to affect on the overall satisfaction and willingness to recommend to other people among the characteristics of the administrative support division, which is the quickness and simplicity of the admission and receipt procedure, and it is also found that the comfortability of examination room and outpatient treatment waiting room affects on it in common. In conclusion, it is considered that if a customer-oriented hospital management system is built and operated for the satisfaction of customers, the competitiveness of hospital will be improved and the sustainability of hospital will increase and the business goal that is customer satisfaction management will be achieved.