• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2018.04a
• /
• pp.80-80
• /
• 2018

Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found in Cudrania tricuspidata fruits. In the present study, the effect of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated. Cells were stained with Oil red O reagent to detect lipid droplets in adipocytes. The 3T3-L1 cells were lysed and measured for intracellular triglyceride and adipokine by ELISA kit. The protein expression of adipogenesis-related gene was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Chlorogenic suppressed lipid droplet and intracellular triglyceride accumulation in a concentration manner and also decreased secretion of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, compared with fully differentiated adipocytes. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with chlorogenic acid reduced the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$). This indicates that chlrogenic acid was effective as an anti-obesity agent by repressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 into adipocytes and inhibiting triglyceridef formation in adipocyte and that it exerts its role mainly through the significant down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.307-313
• /
• 2024

In this study, the anti-obesity effect of Geranium wilfordii Maxim. extract was studied using 3T3-L1 cells. Geranium wilfordii Maxim. was extracted with water (NG-GT-T1L), 10% ethanol (NG-GT-T2L), 30% ethanol (NG-GT-T3L), 50% ethanol (NG-GT-T4L), 70% ethanol (NG-GT-T5L), and the effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, and protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells were confirmed. It was confirmed that NG-GT-T3L extract was superior to other extract conditions in reducing lipid accumulation and triglyceride content in the concentration range that did not show cytotoxicity. In addition, it was confirmed to suppress adipogenesis and lipogenesis by reducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α(C/EBPα) proteins that regulate adipogenesis, decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) proteins that regulate lipogenesis, and increasing the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein. From these research results, Geranium wilfordii Maxim. NG-GT-T3L extract is believed to have anti-obesity reduction effects through suppressing lipid accumulation and triglyceride accumulation and regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related proteins.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.102-107
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate protein profiles related to the induction of adipogenesis within the bovine longissimus dorsi muscle (BLDM) by proteomic analysis. We analyzed BLDM proteins at different growth stages to clarify the physiological mechanisms of marbled muscle development in 20 head of Korean native cattle (11 month: 10 head, 17 month: 10 head). BLDM proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and image analysis. Villin 2 was specifically identified by mass spectrometry and a protein search engine. Villin 2 protein expression in BLDM decreased during the fat development stage in test steers. In a Western blot cell culture study of spontaneously immortal bovine muscle fibroblasts, the abundance of Villin 2 was shown to be down-regulated during differentiation into muscle. In 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Villin 2 was decreased during differentiation into adipocytes. The results suggest that Villin 2 may be related to the induction of transdifferentiation and adipogenesis in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2014

Purpose: Several studies have proven that EGCG, the primary green tea catechin, and glucosamine-6-phosphate (PGlc) reduce triglyceride contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combination effect of EGCG and PGlc on decline of accumulated fat in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: EGCG and PGlc were administered for 6 day for differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cell viability was measured using the CCK assay kit. In addition, TG accumulation in culture 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated by Oil Red O staining. We examined the expres-sion level of several genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipolysis using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. A flow cytometer Calibar was used to assess the effect of EGCG and PGluco on cell-cycle progression of differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Results: Intracelluar lipid accumulation was significantly decreased by combination treatment with EGCG $60{\mu}M$ and PGlc $200{\mu}g/m$ compared with control and EGCG treatment alone. In addition, use of combination treatment resulted in directly decreased expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, and SREBP1. In addition, it inhibited adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through downstream regulation of adipogenic target genes such as FAS, ACSL1, and LPL, and the inhibitory action of EGCG and PGlc was found to inhibit the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) process as evidenced by impaired cell cycle entry into S phase and the S to G2/M phase transition of confluent cells and levels of cell cycle regulating proteins such as cyclin A and CDK2. Conclusion: Combination treatment of EGCG and PGlc inhibited adipocyte differentiation through decreased expression of genes related to adipogenesis and adipogenic and cell cycle arrest in early stage of adipocyte differentiation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.1637-1643
• /
• 2009

Shikonin, a component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc, exerts various characteristics such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-obesity functions. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of shikonin-induced inhibition of adipogenesis, we analyzed the mRNA expression level of various adipogenesis-related factors including C/EBPs (CCAAT/enhancerbinding proteins) and $PPAR{\gamma}$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$). The data showed that mRNA expressions of C/$EBP{\beta}$ and C/$EPB{\delta}$ were only slightly changed by shikonin treatment, but mRNA expressions of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/$EPB{\alpha}$ were significantly down-regulated. Then, we tested whether upstream regulators of C/$EBP{\beta}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$ were involved in anti-adipogenesis of shikonin. C/$EBP{\gamma}$ and CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), which are upstream regulators of C/$EBP{\beta}$, were not affected by shikonin treatment. On the contrary, the mRNA level of KROX20 was markedly down-regulated by shikonin treatment. These results suggest that KROX20 might regulate downstream factors of adipogenesis through C/$EBP{\beta}$-independent pathway. The expression of KLF15 (Kruppel-like factor15), which is a member of KLF family and is a upstream regulator of $PPAR{\gamma}$, was dramatically decreased by shikonin treatment, but KLF2 was not changed. Shikonin had no impact on the expression of KLF5 in the early stage of adipogenesis, but shikonin increased expression of KLF5 in the late stage of adipogenesis. Even though mRNA expression of KLF5 was moderately changed by shikonin treatment, its effect may be small compared with the effect of KLF15, which was markedly inhibited. Taken together, these results suggest that shikonin inhibits adipogenesis through the down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/$EPB{\alpha}$, which is mediated by the down-regulation of two pro-adipogenic factors, KROX20 and KLF15.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2024

Objective : Obesity is a disease caused by energy imbalance and increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Additionally, a recent study reported that excessive production of ROS stimulates the expression of transcription factors related to adipogenesis, such as PPAR-𝛾, C/EBP-𝛼 and 𝛽, in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, Paeonia anomala L. (PAL) was selected as a candidate for improving and preventing obesity from Mongolian medical literature, and its effect on fat metabolism was observed in vitro. Methods : The activity of PAL extract against lipid accumulation was measured in 3T3-L1 cells through Oil red O staining. Additionally, the expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins was measured by western blot. Results : Intracellular lipid accumulation was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. In addition, pAMPK/AMPK protein expression in the treatment group tended to increase in a concentration-dependent manner, and PPAR-𝛾 protein expression in the treatment group showed a significant decrease in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that PAL extract may have an anti-obesity effect, and it is believed that it can be used to develop functional materials for the treatment of obesity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.1895-1902
• /
• 2008

Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ involved in the control of whole body energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Considering the increased incidence of obesity and obesity-related disorders, including diabetes, it is important to understand thoroughly the process of adipocyte differentiation and its control. Therefore, we performed a differential proteome mapping strategy using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with peptide mass fingerprinting to identify intracellular proteins that are differentially expressed during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in response to an adipogenic cocktail. In the current study, we identified 46 differentially expressed proteins, 6 of which have not been addressed previously in 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. Notably, we found that phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS), a regulator of cell proliferation, was preferentially expressed in pre-adipocytes than in fully differentiated adipocytes. In conclusion, our results provide valuable information for further understanding of the adipogenic process.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1224-1230
• /
• 2014

The red radish (Raphanus sativus L.; RR) sprout is a plant of the cruciferous family. In this study, we elucidated the effect of the water extract of RR sprout (RRSE) against ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase enzyme activity and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase enzyme activity was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by RRSE treatment. RSSE also abolished adipocyte differentiation and lipid and triglyceride accumulation without cytotoxicity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, RRSE modulated the expression of the proteins related to adipogenic transcription factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)${\gamma}$, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), and CCAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)${\alpha}$. RRSE also suppressed expression of the proteins responsible for lipid synthesis, transport, and storage: adiponectin, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), perilipin, and fatty acid bind protein-4 (FABP4). This study showed that RRS treatment has the potential to inhibit obesity by controlling the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and adipogenic proteins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.306-313
• /
• 2024

Given the diversity of vegetables utilized in food fermentation and various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations in these materials, comprehensive studies on LAB from vegetable foods, including kimchi, are imperative. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the obesity-related inflammation response of three metabolites-phenyllactic acid (PLA), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and leucic acid (LA)-produced by LAB (Companilactobacillus allii WiKim39 and Lactococcus lactis WiKim0124) isolated from kimchi. Their effects on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced changes in adipokines and inflammatory response in adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells were examined. The study results showed that PLA, ILA, and LA, particularly PLA, effectively reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride, glycerol, free fatty acid, and adiponectin levels. Furthermore, the identified metabolites were found to modulate the expression of signaling proteins involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Specifically, these metabolites were associated with enriched expression in the chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, which are critical pathways involved in regulating immune responses and inflammation. PLA, ILA, and LA also suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and several inflammatory markers, with the PLA-treated group exhibiting the lowest levels. These results suggest that PLA, ILA, and LA are potential therapeutic agents for treating obesity and inflammation by regulating adipokine secretion and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.380-384
• /
• 2022

In this study, we investigated in vitro anti-obesity activity of Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch stem (PTS) in mouse adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells. PTS inhibited lipid accumulation and reduced the expression level of the proteins such as C/EBPα, PPARγ and FABP4 associated with adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, PTS increased lipolysis-related protein expression such as p-AMPK, ATGL and p-HSL, and reduced perilipin-1 in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, PTS may have anti-obesity activity through inhibiting adipogenesis and inducing lipid lipolysis in adipocytes. Based on these results, PTS is expected to be used as a potential functional agent for anti-obesity.