• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.160-163
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• 2006

If an instruction system understood the interest and activeness of a learner in real time, it could provide some interesting factors when a learner is tired of learning. It could work as an adaptive tutoring system to help a learner to understand something difficult to understand. Currently the area of the facial expression recognition mainly deals with the facial expression of adults focusing on anger, hatred, fear, sadness, surprising and gladness. These daily facial expressions couldn't be one of expressions of a learner in e-Learning. They should first study the facial expressions of a learner in e-Learning to recognize the feeling of a learner. Collecting as many expression pictures as possible, they should study the meaning of each expression. This study, as a prior research, analyzes the feelings of learners and facial expressions of learners in e-Learning in relation to the feelings to establish the facial expressions database.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2003

This paper proposes a web-based adaptive tutoring system based on fuzzy set that provides learning materials and questions dynamically according to students' knowledge state, and gives advices for the learning after an evaluation. For this, we design a courseware knowledge structure systematically and then construct a fuzzy level set on the basis of it considering importance of learning targets, difficulty of learning materials and relation degree between learning targets and learning materials. Using the fuzzy level set, our system offers learning materials and questions to adapt to individual students. Moreover, a result of the test is evaluated with fuzzy linguistic variable. Appling the fuzzy concept to the tutoring system could naturally consider and deal with various and uncertain items of learning environment thus could offer more flexible and effective instruction-learning methods.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.629-641
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• 2016

Understanding of how teachers change instruction can help predict what kind of educational materials is supportive or appropriate. On the basis of this idea, we explored elementary teachers' PCK progression on specific topics of astronomy: planet size and distance in solar system. To identify the development of PCK over time, we utilized learning progression (LP) as a conceptual framework. The progression of teacher PCK can also be illustrated as the hypothetical pathway from novice to expert like LP. Eight 5th grade elementary teachers participated in this study. We observed participating teachers' astronomy classes with the same topic. In order to document topic-specific PCK of participating teachers, we developed an analytic protocol consisting of four categories: knowledge of curriculum, knowledge of teaching strategies, knowledge of assessment, and astronomical thinking practice. In addition, we monitored the changes in the four participating teachers' PCK for two years in order to validate the evidences of the PCK progression. Participating teachers in this study took some intervention by attending a four-week pre-meeting with the researchers to profile an adaptive instruction. Through this research, we profiled four and five different levels of PCK progressions in three knowledge components (curriculum, teaching strategies, student assessment) and one astronomical thinking practice (systems thinking), respectively. Participating teachers demonstrated various levels and pathways in each component of PCK. This study released the empirical evidences in fostering instructional scaffolding, which is appropriate to the level of PCK of science teachers on specific topic.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.405-427
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• 2017

This study aims to describe various teaching cases about 'earth revolution' in terms of PCK; knowledge of curriculum, knowledge of teaching strategies and knowledge of assessment. Based on these various cases we suggested PCK progressions about 'earth revolution'. For these, we recorded 'solar system and star' classes of nine elementary school teachers' in Kangwon, Gyeonggi, Gwangju, and Seoul. We adopted Lee & Lee (2016)'s topic-specific PCK framework to analyze the classes. As results, we suggested topic-specific PCK progression about 'earth revolution'. The results showed the upper anchor of the earth revolution class were exploring the reason of the change of constellation, finding the tendency of constellation change. These teachings were carried by the teachers' adaptive strategies. The upper anchor of the assessment was monitoring students' understanding during the whole class. The PCK progression about 'earth revolution' could help the teachers plan the earth revolution class, and reflect their own teachings.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

This paper proposes a low-latency Sample Adaptive Offset filter (SAO) architecture and its Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) optimization scheme to achieve fast High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) decoding in a multi-core environment. According to the HEVC standard and its Test Model (HM), SAO operation is performed only at the picture level. Most realtime decoders, however, execute their sub-modules on a Coding Tree Unit (CTU) basis to reduce the latency and memory bandwidth. The proposed low-latency SAO architecture has the following advantages over picture-based SAO: 1) significantly less memory requirements, and 2) low-latency property enabling efficient pipelined multi-core decoding. In addition, SIMD optimization of SAO filtering can reduce the SAO filtering time significantly. The simulation results showed that the proposed low-latency SAO architecture with significantly less memory usage, produces a similar decoding time as a picture-based SAO in single-core decoding. Furthermore, the SIMD optimization scheme reduces the SAO filtering time by approximately 509% and increases the total decoding speed by approximately 7% compared to the existing look-up table approach of HM.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.117-144
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the linguistic elements that can promote academic literacy in terms of content-based instructions for KSL learners. In order to study the characteristics of learning languages for subjects, focus was given to the framework of systematic functional linguistics that has been extensively used in ELL teaching and learning research in the United States and Australia. History, which is taught in all classes and classified as a required course, was the subject of analysis. From the history curriculum, the elementary school level texts "Social Studies 5-2" and "Social Studies 6-1" were chosen for the analysis. Based on the results, we can come to the following conclusions. First, history textbooks are divided into narrative and analytical explanatory sub-genres based on their content, and there are differences in the factors that need to be focused on to find the main information. Second, the vocabulary of history textbooks should focus on the use of verbs which comprehend material processes. Particularly, learners should pay attention to the differences in meaning between low-frequency expressions. We hope that the results of this study will have a positive effect on history subject learning for learners in the "Adaptive Korean Course" and will help establish direction in terms of building curriculum contents for KSL learners.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

This paper presented an adaptive pipeline architecture for a high-performance and low-power asynchronous processor. The proposed pipeline architecture employed a stage-skipping and a stage-combining scheme. The stage-skipping scheme can skip the operation of a bubble stage that is not used pipeline stage in an instruction execution. In the stage-combining scheme, two consecutive stages can be joined to form one stage if the latter stage is empty. The proposed pipeline architecture could reduce the processing time and power consumption. The proposed architecture supports multi-processing in the EX stage that executes parallel 4 instructions. We designed an asynchronous microprocessor to estimate the efficiency of the proposed pipeline architecture that was synthesized to a gate level design using a $0.35-{\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell library. We evaluated the performance of the target processor using SPEC2000 benchmark programs. The proposed architecture showed about 2.3 times higher speed than the asynchronous counterpart, AMULET3i. As a result, the proposed pipeline schemes and architecture can be used for asynchronous high-speed processor design

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.483-500
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• 2005

The purpose of the study was to explore the conceptual and theoretical fundamentals of learning object. Learning object, a new paradigm for instructional design in the era of information technology, has attracted much research efforts since it has lots of advantages in terms of production efficiency and use effectiveness. A theory for the systematic design of this new instructional design, however, looks far from mature. Since the birth of the idea of a learning object has been found in the field of computer software design, such as object-oriented software development, learning object does not have enough theoretical underpinnings in terms of learning and instruction. The researcher tried to establish theoretical foundations for this new, alien concept as a learning design theory. Relevant research efforts and discourses have been discussed for this purpose.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2017

Nowadays, the most of commercial buildings are build-out with complex architecture and decorated with more complicated interiors of buildings so establishing intelligible escape routes becomes an important case of fire or other emergency in a limited time. The commercial buildings are already equipped with multiple exit signs and these exit signs may create confusion and leads the people into different directions under emergency. This can jeopardize the emergency situation into a chaotic state, especially in a complex layout buildings. There are many research focused on implementing different approached to improve the exit sign system with better visual navigating effects, such as the use of laser beams, the combination of audio and video cues, etc. However the digital signage system based emergency exit sign management is one of the best solution to guide people under emergency situations to escape. This research paper, propose an intelligent evacuation route GUIDE that uses the combination centralized Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and digital signage for people safety and avoids dangers from emergency conditions. This proposed system applies WSN to detect the environment condition in the building and uses an evacuation algorithm to estimate the safe route to escape using the sensor information and then activates the signage system to display the safe evacuation route instruction GUIDE according to the location the signage system is installed. This paper presented the prototype of the proposed signage system and execution time to find the route with future research directions. The proposed system provides a natural intelligent evacuation route interface for self or remote operation in facility management to efficiently GUIDE people to the safe exit under emergency conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to draw implications for future Korean science education by analyzing the PISA 2015 science teacher questionnaire. To this end, descriptive statistics and difference tests were conducted for each questionnaire item, using raw data from science teacher surveys in Korea, the United States, and China. As a result of the analysis, first, the perception that Korean science teachers should participate in professional development activities was lower than that of comparative countries, and it was found that improvement was needed in the practice of adaptive instruction and various evaluation methods. Second, although Korean science teachers were generally satisfied with their jobs, the response that they were hindered in science education activities due to limitations in various resources at their current school was relatively higher than that of comparative countries. Third, scientific inquiry was less emphasized in science curriculum and science class in Korea, and self-efficacy in inquiry teaching process was relatively low. Fourth, in Korea, it was found that there were fewer classes for discussion and using ICT in science classes.