• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1980

C. parvum은 면역학적(免疫學的) 연구(硏究)에 immunomodulating agent로서 광범위(廣範圍)하게 이용(利用)되고 있기 때문에 C. parvum이 SRBC에 대(對)한 면역반응(免疫反應)에 미치는 영향(影響) 및 그 기전(機轉)을 알아보고자 본(本) 실험(實驗)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. C. parvum이 SRBC에 대(對)한 DTH에 미치는 영향(影響)은 C. parvum 투여시기(投與時期)에 따라 상이(相異)한 결과(結果)를 나타내었는데 C. parvum을 SRBC로 면역전(免疫前)에 정맥내(靜脈內)로 투여(投與)했을 때 유의(有意)있는 지연성(遲延性) 과민반응(過敏反應)(DTH)의 감소(減少)를 보였으며 이러한 현상(現象)은 cyclophosphamide로 처리(處理)했을 때 완전(完全)히 소실(消失)되었다. 또한 C. parvum은 S. typhimurium의 증식(增殖)을 억제(抑制)하고 비장(脾臟) 및 간장종대(肝臟腫大)를 야기(惹起)시켰는데 이러한 사실(事實)로 미루어 C. Parvum의 DTH 감소현상(減少現象)은 suppressor T 세포(細胞) 또는 활성화(活性化)된 대식세포(大食細胞)의 중개(仲介)에 의한 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. C. parvum은 SRBC에 대(對)한 항체가(抗體價)에 유의(有意)있는 영향(影響)을 미치지 못하였다.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2019

During tumor progression various immunosuppressive cells are recruited to a tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant in TME. Based on their function, macrophages are categorized into two phenotypes: tumoricidal M1 and tumor-supportive M2. Generally, TAMs closely resemble M2-macrophages and lead to tumor growth. However, their phenotype can be changed by immune activator from M2 to M1 and thus promote tumor immunotherapy. Ginseng extracts are well known for its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects from numerous reported studies. However, the mechanism of their effects is still not clear. Recently, some studies suggested that ginseng extracts induced immune activation as well as anti-tumor activities by a repolarization of activated macrophage from M2 phenotype to M1 phenotype. But, further verification about the mechanism as to how ginseng extracts can stimulate the immune response is still needed. In this study, we investigated whether ginseng extracts can alter the phenotype from M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages in mice by using a radiolabeled liposome. And we also evaluated the potential of radiolabeled liposome as a nuclear imaging agent to monitor the transition of phenotype of TAMs. In conclusion, the ginseng extracts seem to change the phenotype of macrophages from M2 to M1 like as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2010

T-cell activation depends on signals received by the T-cell receptor and CD28 co-stimulatory receptor. Since B7.1 and B7.2 molecules expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells provide co-stimulatory signals through CD28 to T-cells, an inhibitor of CD28-B7.1/B7.2 binding has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for suppression of excessive T-cell activity. Although anti-B7.1/B7.2 antibodies are known to block B7.1 and B7.2 molecules, their effects on intracellular events in antigen presenting cells remain unclear. In this study, anti-B7.1/B7.2 antibodies decreased secretion of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells and peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, anti-B7.1/B7.2 antibodies inhibited $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation and down-regulated expression of co-stimulatory molecules including B7.1, B7.2, and PD-L1 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that CTLA4-Ig and anti-B7.1/B7.2 antibodies may be candidates to treat chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune responses caused by excessive activation of both T-cells and macrophages.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2005

Objectives: This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the immune modulating and anti-tumor activity of Ampelopsis Radix extracts (ARE). Materials and Methods: To elucidate the effects of ARE on the macrophage and NK cell activity, we analyzed NO production, NK cytotoxicity and gene expressions of cytokine related with macrophage and NK cell activity. Results: ARE activated and promoted macrophages to product NO in part. And, ARE has significant properties to activate macrophages and NK cells by promoting related cytokines like IL-1, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, iNOS and TNF-$\alpha$ gene expressions. We also observed that ARE promoted protein expression of IFN-$\gamma$, and TNF-$\alpha$ in mice splenocytes. Conclusions: ARE is an effective herbal drug for immune modulating and anti-cancer by promoting activity of macrophages and NK cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.438-444
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) alone or mixed function oxidase (MFO)-activated $AFB_1$ on various functions of mule duck peritoneal macrophages. Duck peritoneal macrophages were incubated with $AFB_1$ 0, 5, 10, 20, 50 and $100 {\mu}g/ml$ for 12 h. The cell viability significantly declined as the concentration of $AFB_1$ increased and more obviously detrimental effects was noticed in MFO-metabolized $AFB_1$ treatments. Either in opsonized or unopsonized Candida albicans, phagocytotic ability of macrophages was decreased with the elevation of the concentration of $AFB_1$. Significantly higher levels of macrophages were damaged in MFO-metabolized $AFB_1$ than $AFB_1$ alone in concentrations above $20{\mu}g/ml$. The cytotoxicity activity was in the range of 41 to 33% after exposure to $AFB_1$ 5 to $100{\mu}g/ml$, and a significant higher TNF-like substance secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was obtained. When LPS was present in the medium, the percentage of cytotoxicity was higher than all treatments of $AFB_1$ both with and without MFO-activation in the absence of LPS. The results suggest that MFO-metabolized $AFB_1$ can alter cell viability and morphology of duck macrophages more than $AFB_1$ administered alone. Both with and without MFOactivation, $AFB_1$ has detrimental effects on phagocytotic ability and TNF-like substance secretion, increasing with level of $AFB_1$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2008

Mushrooms are regarded as one of the well-known foods and biopharmaceutical materials with a great deal of interest. ${\beta}$-Glucan is the major component of mushrooms that displays various biological activities such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and antihyperlipidemic effects. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of its immunostimulatory potency in immune responses of macrophages, using exopolysaccharides prepared from liquid culture of Lentinus edodes. We found that fraction II (F-II), with large molecular weight protein polysaccharides, is able to strongly upregulate the phenotypic functions of macrophages such as phagocytic uptake, ROS/NO production, cytokine expression, and morphological changes. F-II triggered the nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and activated its upstream signaling cascades such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, as assessed by their phosphorylation levels. The function-blocking antibodies to dectin-1 and TLR-2, but not CR3, markedly suppressed F-II-mediated NO production. Therefore, our data suggest that mushroom-derived ${\beta}$-glucan may exert its immunostimulating potency via activation of multiple signaling pathways.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.951-959
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• 2009

Most, if not all, Basidiomycetes mushrooms have biologically active polysaccharides showing potent antitumor activity with immunomodulating properties. These polysaccharides have various chemical compositions and belong primarily to the $\beta$-glucan group. In this study, the crude water-soluble polysaccharide HEF-P, which was obtained from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatographies. This process resulted in four polysaccharide fractions, named HEF-NP Fr I, HEF-NP Fr II, HEF-AP Fr I, and HEF-AP Fr II. Of these fractions, HEF-AP Fr II was able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated macrophages, such as production of nitric oxide and expression ofcytokines (IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$). The molecular mass of HEF-AP Fr II was estimated by gel filtration to be 13 kDa. Its structural characteristics were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analyses, including methylation, reductive cleavage, acetylation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicate that HEF-AP Fr II is a low-molecular-mass polysaccharide with a laminarin-like triple helix conformation of a ${\beta}$-1,3-branched-${\beta}$-1,6-glucan.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2008

Immune system can protect host attacking from a variety of microorganism and virus through innate and adaptive immunities. The innate immune system can be activated by recognition of conserved carbohydrates on the cell surface of pathogen resulting in protection, immunity regulation and inflammation. Immunostimulating and anti-tumor ${\beta}$-glucan, major cell wall component of many fungi, could be recognized as pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by C-type lectin such as pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) of host innate immunity cells. In spite of many studies of basidiomycetes ${\beta}$-glucan on immunostimulation, little is known about the precise mechanism as molecular-level. Among C-type lectins, dectin-1 was cloned and reported as a ${\beta}$-glucan receptor. In this report, we demonstrated induction of cytokine gene transcription by Ganoderma lucidum ${\beta}$-glucan in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by RT-PCR analysis. The expression of murine dectin-1 (MD-1) on RAW264.7 macrophage by RT-PCR showing both the full length, 757 bp $(MD-1{\alpha})$ and alternative spliced form, 620 bp $(MD-1{\beta})$. Both $MD-1{\alpha}$ and $MD-1{\beta}$ mRNAs were induced by ${\beta $-glucan both in the absence and presence of LPS. To explore expression of inflammatory cytokines by ${\beta}$-glucan, RAW264.7 cells were treated with ${\beta}$-glucan for 12 hours. As a result, the expressions of IL-1 IL-6, IL-l0 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were increased by ${\beta}$-glucan treatment in a dose-dependent fashion. From these results, ${\beta}$-glucan induced transcriptions of dectin-1 and immune activating cytokine genes, indicating induction of immune allertness by expressing dectin-1 and secreting inflammatory cytokines.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2010

Enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive bacterium, has been implicated in endodontic infections, particularly in chronic apical periodontitis. Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), are involved in the pathogenesis of these apical lesions. E. faecalis has been reported to stimulate macrophages to produce TNF-$\alpha$. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in TNF-$\alpha$ production by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 in response to exposure to E. faecalis. Both live and heat-killed E. faecalis induced high levels of gene expression and protein release of TNF-$\alpha$. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of endocytosis, prevented the mRNA up-regulation of TNF-$\alpha$ by E. faecalis. In addition, antioxidant treatment reduced TNF-$\alpha$ production to baseline levels. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase also significantly attenuated E. faecalis-induced TNF-$\alpha$ expression by RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 in RAW 264.7 cells was also stimulated by E. faecalis. These results suggest that the phagocytic uptake of bacteria is necessary for the induction of TNF-$\alpha$ in E. faecalis-stimulated macrophages, and that the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involve reactive oxygen species, ERK, p38 MAP kinase, NF-${\kappa}B$, and AP-1.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 1995

The growth and synthetic activities of fibroblasts are regulated by cytokines and growth factors derived from activated inflammatory cells. Stimulatory effect of low level laser (LLL) radiation on wound healing seems to be in part due to direct stimulatory action on cell proliferation and synthetic activities of fibroblasts. Also indirect stimulatory effect on the fibroblast function through inflammatory or immune cells is another possible mechanism of biostimulatory action of LLL. This study was performed to determine the growth rate of human gingival fibroblasts obtained biopsy and culture, fibroblast cell line, and immune cell line by using $[^3H]-$ thymidine incorporation test. And gene expression pattern was also analyzed by using the DNA probe such as Hsp70, IL-1$\beta$, MIP-1$\alpha$ and actin cDNA. Proliferation rate of gingival fibroblast was increased by LLL irradiation, but no more effect was added by LPS or IL-1$\beta$ pretreatment Enhanced Hsp70 gene expression was found from gingival fibroblasts and fibroblast cell line COS by LLL irradiation., which was not more increased by LPS or IL-1$\beta$ pretreatment. LLL-irradiated promyelcytic cell line HL-60 and macrophage cell line RAW264.7 showed significant stimulatory effect of proliferation rate when compared with respective control. However there were no changes in growth rate of other immune cell tested in this study, such as B cell line WR19n.l and 230, helper T cell line Jurkat and Hut78, cytolytic T cell line CTLL-r8. By LLL-irradiation Hsp70 gene expression was increased in RAW246.7 and HL-60, not in CTLL-R8. And IL-1$\beta$ and MIP-1$\alpha$ gene expression were induced only from LLL-irradiated RAW264.7. These results led us to presume that LLL radiation may affect to the immune cells, especially to macrophage, through which it might promote wound healing process.