• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1398-1408
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• 2010

Recently, accelerating population and advanced economy result in extending old freeways and constructing new freeways. To make a good freeway shape, tunnel constructions are also rapidly increasing. Therefore, a possibility of a collapse during a tunnel excavation is getting higher in a proportionate manner. This research paper will analyze forms and causes of the collapses for different geological conditions and applied reinforcement solutions by investigating typical collapse sites during highway tunnel constructions.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.507-514
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• 2024

반도체 제조 라인에서는 생산 제품의 원가절감을 위해 지속적인 노력을 기울이고 있고, 화학적 기계적 연마(CMP) 공정에서도 이에 대한 요구가 점점 가속화되고 있으며, 이러한 원가 절감 항목 중 대표적인 것이 5-Zone 링이다. CMP 공정에서 약 150시간을 사용하면 링의 두께가 1mm 미만으로 감소되어 새제품으로 교체해야 한다. 반도체 제조 라인에서는 생산 제품의 원가절감을 위해 지속적인 노력을 기울이고 있고, 화학적 기계적 연마(CMP) 공정에서도 이에 대한 요구가 점점 가속화되고 있으며, 이러한 원가 절감 항목 중 대표적인 것이 5-Zone 링이다. CMP 공정에서 약 150시간을 사용하면 링의 두께가 1mm 미만으로 감소되어 새제품으로 교체해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리테이너 링의 마모된 부분을 반복 재생하여 반도체 제조 원가를 낮추며, 산업용 폐기물 처리에 따른 환경 오염을 최소화하기 위해 10g±0.8% 이하의 토출량 오차와 ±1.8% 이하의 압력 균일도를 갖는 본딩 디스펜서 및 프레스 머신을 개발하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2003

일반적으로 전자현미경에 계기상 나타내는 가속전압에 의한 전자 빔의 파장은 실재로 시료 위에 입사되는 빔의 파장 값과는 다를 수 있다. 그러므로 적어도 한번은 계기상 나타난 전압에 대한 파장 값을 측정할 필요가 있다. 특히 QCBED 기법에서는 가능한 한 정확한 파장 값의 결정이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 알려진 결정시료의 LACBED 패턴들로부터 정확하게 이 파장을 측정하는 간단한 방법을 제시한다. 이 방법은 이미 보고된 Kikuchi 패턴을 이용하는 기법과 유사하게 LACBED 패턴에서 같은 평면에 있지 않은 3개의 회절벡터에 의한 회절선이 거의 같은 점을 교차할 경우를 이용한다. 이 방법 적용 실험 예로써 알루미늄 결정시료를 사용하여 JEM2010전자현미경의 계기상 200 kv 가속전압에 대한 파장 값이 측정되었다. 측정된 파장과 대응되는 가속전압은 0.002496(3) nm과 $201.5{\pm}0.4$ kv이며 파장 값은 0.12%의 불확실성을 갖고 있다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.88-98
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• 1997

Welding defects, such as porosity and spike, have sometimes occurred in deep penetration electron beam welds. These defects are known to be one of the serious problem in electron beam welds. So, effects of active parameters ($a_b$) on bead shape and occurrence of defects in electron beam welds of heavy section 9%Ni steel plates were investigated. Partial penetration welding in flat position, and deep penetration welding of 10 ~ 28mm depth were investigated in this study. It is desirable to select low accelerating voltage and above the surface focus position $a_b$$\geq$1.2 at which a wine-cup shaped bead is obtained to avoid the welding defects such as spike and root porosity. When the accelerating voltage of electron beam was low (90kV), active parameter ($a_b$) did not influence on the bead width, penetration depth and weld defects significantly. However, in case of high voltage ($\geq$120kV), active parameter ($a_b$) was sensitively associated with penetraton depth and weld defects, i.e. when the active parameter (($a_b$) was in the range of 0.6 to 1.0, the depth of penetration was always over the target (23mm), while the depth of penetration was dramatically decreased with further increase of active parameter ($a_b$). The weld defects were decreased with the increase of active parameter $a_b$ resulting in the decrease of energy density of the focused beam in the root part of fusion zone.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1995

The oxidation of silicon wafers is an essential step in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. It is known to induce degradation of electrical properties and lattice strain of Si substrate from thermal oxidation process due to charged interface and thermal expansion mismatch from thermally grown SiO, film. In this study, convergent beam electron diffraction technique is employed to directly measure the lattice strains in Si(100) and $4^{\circ}$ - off Si(100) substrates with thermally grown oxide layer at $1200^{\circ}C$ for three hours. The ratios of {773}-{973}/{773}-{953} Higher Order Laue Zone lines were used at [012] zone axis orientation. Lattice parameters of the Si substrate as a function of distance from the interface were determined from the computer simulation of diffraction patterns. Correction value for the accelerating voltage was 0.2kV for the kinematic simulation of the [012]. HOLZ patterns. The change in the lattice strain profile before and after removal of oxide films revealed the magnitudes of intrinsic strain and thermal strain components. It was shown that $4^{\circ}$ -off Si(100) had much lower intrinsic strain as surface steps provide effective sinks for the free Si atoms produced during thermal oxidation. Thermal strain in the Si substrate was in compression very close to the interface and high concentration of Si interstitials appeared to modify the thermal expansion coefficient of Si.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2003

Bioremediation technologies were applied to experimental microcosms, simulating an oil spill in a lower intertidal area. Three treatments (oil only, oil plus nutrients, and oil plus nutrients and microbial inocula) were applied, and each microcosm was repeatedly filled and eluted with seawater every 12 h to simulate tidal cycles. To minimize washing-out of the inoculum by the tidal cycles, microbial cells were primarily immobilized on diatomaceous earth before they were applied to the oiled sand. Oil degradation was monitored by gravimetric measurements, thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detector (TLC/FID) analysis, and gas chromatography (GC) analysis, and the loss of oil content was normalized to sand mass or nor-hopane. When the data were normalized to sand mass, no consistent differences were detected between nutrient-amended and nutrient/inoculum-amended microcosms, although both differed from the oil-only microcosm in respect of oil removal rate by a factor of 4 to 14. However, the data relative to nor-hopane showed a significant treatment difference between the nutrient-amended and nutrient/inoculum-treated microcosms, especially in the early phase of the treatment. The accelerating effect of inoculum treatment has hardly been reported in studies of oil bioremediation in the Tower intertidal area. The inoculum immobilized on diatomaceous earth seemed to be a very effective formulation for retaining microbial cells in association with the sand. Results of this study also suggest that interpretation of the effectiveness of bioremediation could be dependent on the selection of monitoring methods, and consequently the application of various analytical methods in combination could be a solution to overcome the limitations of oil bioremediation monitoring.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2009

본 연구는 신호교차로에 접근하는 운전자에게 실시간 안전서비스를 제공할 수 있는 서비스와 방법을 다루고 있다. 특히 신호기가 녹색-황색-적색으로 변동되는 구간에 운전자가 고의적으로 신호위반을 하거나 혹은 교통공학적 딜레마구간에 차량이 있을 때의 상황을 고려하였다. 연구에서는 신호교차로의 진입로에 다수개의 지점검지기가 설치되어 차량의 속도, 존재시각 및 위치정보를 실시간으로 검지될 경우, 신호현시의 변화에 따라 상기 차량이 위험차량인지를 판단하는 방법을 개발하였다. 이러한 모델을 평가하기 위해 미시적 시뮬레이션인 VISSIM에 지점검지기를 다수개 설치하여 유입교통량의 변화, 설계속도의 변화, 운전자 인지반응시간을 변화하여 수행하였다. 모형의 검증결과 모형의 예측값과 실제 시뮬레이션에서의 주행결과가 동일한 정분류율은 약 98.5%를 보이고 있고 실제 위험차량 중에 약 88.5% 가량을 예측하는 예측률을 보이고 있었다. 또한, 유입교통량의 변화, 설계속도의 변화와 운전자 인지반응시간의 변화에 따른 민감도를 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 일련의 서비스는 신호교차로의 안전을 위한 신규서비스로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권1B호
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• pp.95-109
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 LDS 난류응력 모형, Van Rijn의 pick up 함수를 활용하여 일정 경사부에서의 파랑의 이행과 천수, 연이은 쇄파현상, plunging breaker에 후행하는 해저질의 역동적인 부유와 down rush와 후행 파랑에 의한 표사의 재분배를 수치모의 하였다. 이 과정에서 해저질과 소통하는 저면 유체력에 대한 quadratic law를 중심으로 한 기존의 연구 성과들은 정상상태에 기초하여 급속히 가속되고 감속되는 swash 대역의 수리특성을 반영할 수 없다는 결론에 도달하고 이러한 인식에 기초하여 새로운 산출방법이 제시되었다. 새로운 산출방법을 토대로 수치모의하여 비선형 천수과정의 일반적인 특징, 동조 비동조 고차 조화성분으로 전이된 파랑에너지로 인해 상당히 예리하고 왜도된 파형, 파형의 마루로부터 시작되는 물입자 자유낙하, 착수로 인한 커다란 물보라의 형성, 물보라 형성층의 해변으로의 이행, wave finger (Narayanaswamy와 Dalrymple, 2002), swash 대역에서 진행되는 부유사 순환과정, swash 대역에서 처오름으로 인해 부유된 부유사 무리의 off shore 방향으로의 순 이동 등이 비교적 정확히 재현되는 등 상당히 고무적인 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 기존의 Euler 좌표계에서 정의되는 파랑모형과 이동경계 기법의 한계를 뛰어 넘는 것으로 향후 보다 정확한 침식해석이 가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.111-137
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• 2001

The establishment of the WTO system means that the global age of trade has officially arrived. Since the integration of the world economy brings about the free movement of goods and services between nations, it is inevitable that sea-bound freight will continue to increase. A recent World Bank report says that China and Korea will be the first and seventh largest economic Powers, respectively, by the year 2020. In particular, the Korea peninsula has a geo-political advantage in being developed as a major Northeast Asian container center. Moreover China's swift uprising needs new order of trade for economy belt in Northeast Asia. Therefore, it can be said that Kunsan Port. which has already been designated as a free trade zone, has greater potential to rise as a regional beach-head port and main region for foreign investment. As such. Kunsan Port will play a major role in accelerating the emergence of the West Sea in international trade. There are several strategies for developing Kunsan Port into a central container port: 1) develop Kunsan port Into an import/export front base f3r multinational corporations, 2) develop Kunsan container port into the core composite container-linked central port, 3) attract foreign investment to the Kunsan Free Trade Area so as to promote balanced development among the regions of Korea, 4) support the central government and local governments to accelerate the coming of the "West Sea Era." These recommendations call for urgent implementation.