• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.602-607
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• 2010

The quality characteristics and shelf life of wet noodles containing a freeze-dried powder of Heracleum moellendorffii(HM) were studied to investigate the use of HM as a food ingredient. The weight, volume, and water absorption of wet noodle sprepared with HM(HML) decreased as the concentration of HM increased. The turbidity of HML sauce and the loss in the solid content of noodles after cooking were lower than those of control noodles. Whiteness(L) and redness(a) values of wet noodles decreased but yellowness(b) increased after addition of HM. The sensory qualities of HML, including appearance, taste, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability, were better than those of control noodles. Addition of HM to 0.6%(w/w) afforded the best sensory qualities with respect to taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The total polyphenol content of HML increased as HM concentration increased. Noodle DPPH free-radical-scavenging activities were 22%(control), 28.41%(0.3%HM addition), 40.22%(0.6%HM addition) and 49.42%(0.9%HM addition). Viable bacterial cell counts did not differ significantly between control noodles and those prepared using 0.6%(w/w)HM during storage for 6day sat $10^{\circ}C$. However, viable cell numbers in noodles prepared using 0.9%(w/w) HM were significantly lower than those of control samples and of noodles prepared using either 0.3%(w/w) or 0.6%(w/w) HM, during storage for 12 days at $10^{\circ}C$. Changes in pH values showed trends similar to those of viable cell numbers during storage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Water drainage from the open hydroponics often causes significant environmental pollution due to agrochemicals and loss of water and nutrients. The objectives of this study were to show the potential application of an irrigation schedule based on threshold values of volumetric substrate water content for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Samsamgu') cultivation in a commercial hydroponic farm during spring to summer cultivation. This study was performed for minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation, as compared with an integrated solar-radiation (IR) and conventional timer-irrigation (TIMER) after transplanting. In results, no significant difference in daily irrigation volume was found among the treatments until 88 days after transplant (DAT). However, during the 88 to 107 DAT, the daily irrigation volume was in the order of IR (2125 mL) > TIMER (2063 mL) > FDR (1983 mL), and during the 108 to 120 DAT, it was in the order of IR (2000 mL) > TIMER (1664 mL) > FDR (1500 mL). The lowest drainage volume was observed in the FDR treatment with the order of IR (12~19%) > TIMER (4~12%) > FDR (0~7%) during the entire growing period. A lower irrigation volume in the FDR treatment after 88 DAT may be due to the sensor's detecting capacity for less water absorption by plant after completing fruit maturity with apical pruning and removal of lower leaves, while a higher irrigation volume in the IR treatment may be due to gradual increase in integrated solar-radiation amount as closer to summer season. There was no significant difference in plant growth and fruit yield among the treatments; however, a 11% and 18% of higher soluble sugar content was observed in the FDR than that of TIMER and IR treatment. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 2013

A method for coating rice with a novel substance, SHC [soybean hydrolysate with Cyclo Histidine-Proline (CHP)], was developed to produce functional rice for food production. The dip coating and spray coating method was tested to reduce the loss of functionality during the manufacturing of enriched rice. The dip coating method showed a very low absorption rate ($0.079min^{-1}$) of the functional substance compared to control ($0.150min^{-1}$), while the spray-coating method with protective coating materials [a methyl cellulose solution (l%, w/v) containing 5% (w/v) of the SHC] showed relatively adequate absorption characteristics. A light yellowish stain was observed in the rice samples processed by the spray-coating method (b value; surface1 0.69, flour 4.91) compared to raw rice (b value; surface 9.67, flour 4.86). The microscopic appearance of whole kernels and longitudinal sections revealed that cracks formed in all rice samples, regardless of the coating method. In conclusion, spray coating is a potential method for producing SHC-fortified rice with excellent physical characteristics.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2022

Purpose: To determine the effect of zinc deficiency on fecal protein, electrolyte, and short-chain fatty acid levels in both heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea in rats. Methods: Albino rats, weighing 100 to 150 g, were divided into 2 groups, with 15 animals each: non-zinc and zinc-deficient. These two groups were sub-divided into three sub-groups with five rats each: control (saline); LT-ETEC; and ST-ETEC. Sodium phytate (30 mmol/L) was added to the animals' water to induce zinc deficiency, while diarrhea was induced using 5×10⁹ ETEC cells/mL. Fecal protein levels were estimated using the Bradford method, while sodium and potassium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Short-chain fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Among the non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups, there were significant increases (p=0.04), (p=0.03) in fecal protein concentrations (mg/mL) in the LT-ETEC- (4.50±0.33), (6.50±0.26) and ST-ETEC- (3.85±0.19), (5.98±0.32) induced groups compared to the control groups (2.60±0.52), (3.50±0.11) respectively. Fecal sodium and potassium levels (mg/L) were significantly (p=0.029) increased in non-zinc-deficient rats induced with LT-ETEC (9.35±0.95, 1.05±0.48), and ST-ETEC (9.96±1.02, 1.21±0.45) compared with the control group (8.07±0.44, 0.47±0.17) but the increase were not statistically significant (p=0.059) in the zinc deficient rat groups. Fecal acetate and propionate levels (mg/g) significantly (p=0.032) increased when induced with LT-ETEC and ST-ETEC in non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups compared with the control groups. Conclusion: Zinc deficiency among rats with ETEC-induced diarrhea elevated fecal protein loss but may not have an effect on fecal sodium, potassium and short-chain fatty acid levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.646-652
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• 2003

This study was performed to determine the iron status of the adolescent Korean girls before and after menarche. The 101 subjects aged 11-13 years who attending in an elementary school in Mokpo were recruited. They were divided into pre-menarche (A) group or post-menarche (B) group based on their menstruation status. The latter subjects were sub-divided into one of the four groups according to the times of their menstruation B-I( $\geq$ 3 times), B-II (4-6 times), B-III (7-9 times) or B-W ( $\geq$ 10 times). In the total subjects, dietary iron intake, 11.3 mg/day, was below the Korean RDA for iron, the percentage of heme iron to total iron intake, 15%, and the bioavailability of dietary iron, 12.3%, seemed to be low. And their body iron storage, 140.8 mg, seemed to be insufficient. However, they tended to meet body's iron requirement in the cell level. Red blood cell number (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) level in the total subjects were 4.5 1012/I, 39.3%, and 13.0 g/㎗, respectively. The subjects in B group had lower (p<0.05) RBC and Hct compared to those in A group and the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia tended to be high. Serum iron, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR:ferritin ratio were 86.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/d, 17.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l, 3.58 mg/1, and 230, respectively. Those four indices were not significantly different among the groups. The results of this study imply that, although there a tendency to affect negatively iron status, menstrual blood loss in adolescent females does not deteriorate obviously their iron status during the relatively short period up to 1 you. However, it should be better to improve their iron status after starting menarche by increasing iron intake, especially heme-iron, and enhancing factors for iron absorption.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2018

$Na^+/H^+$ exchangers (NHEs) have been shown to be involved in regulating cell volume and maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Pooled evidences have suggested that loss of $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) impairs intestinal mucosa. Whether NHE8 participates in the pathology of infectious colitis is still unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that somatostatin (SST) could stimulate the expression of intestinal NHE8 so as to facilitate $Na^+$ absorption under normal condition. This study further explored whether NHE8 participates in the pathological processes of infectious colitis and the effects of SST on intestinal NHE8 expression in the setting of infectious colitis. Our data showed that NHE8 expression was reduced in Citrobacter rodentium (CR) infected mice. Up-regulation of NHE8 improved diarrhea symptom and mucosal damage induced by CR. In vitro, a similar observation was also seen in Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infected Caco-2 cells. Seglitide, a SST receptor (SSTR) 2 agonist, partly reversed the inhibiting action of EPEC on NHE8 expression, but SSTR5 agonist (L-817,818) had no effect on the expression of NHE8. Moreover, SST blocked the phosphorylation of p38 in EPEC-infected Caco-2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that enhancement of intestinal NHE8 expression by SST could ameliorate the symptoms of mice with infectious colitis.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.127-143
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• 2014

This study investigated color barley powder substituted for wheat flour in bread recipes with the amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Color barley powder consisted of 9.35% of moisture content, 9.37% of crude protein, 1.64% of crude fat and 2.96% of crude ash. Water soluble dietary fiber is 3.21, insoluble dietary fiber is 4.91, total dietary fiber content is 8.12, and ${\beta}$-glucan is 49.31. DPPH radical scavenging activity is 56.76%, total phenol content is 234.34. The farinograph measurement result of the bread made with color barley powder showed that consistency, water absorption, development time and time breakdown have decreased. The alveogram measurement result of the bread made with color barley powder showed that overpressure, extensibility, swelling index and deformation energy have increased. The amylograph measurement result of the bread made with color barley powder showed that peak viscosity, hot past viscosity and breakdown have decreased. Baking loss and specific loaf volume have decreased as the color barley powder content increased. The chromaticity measurement result showed that the 'L' and 'b' of bread have increased as the color barley powder content increased, while the chromatic 'a' value increased. The texture measurement result showed that the hardness and gumminess of bread have increased as the color barley powder content increased. cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness have decreased. Overall preference scores showed a high overall acceptability for the bread made with 10% color barley powder.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.142-155
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• 2013

This study investigates perilla seed powder substituted for wheat flour in bread recipes with the amounts of 0%(control), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Perilla seed powder consists of 9.41% of moisture content, 9.14% of crude protein, 1.12% of crude fat, and 2.97% of crude ash. Sedimentation value and pelshenke value have decreased as the perilla content increased. The farinograph measurement result of the bread made with perilla seed powder showed that consistency, water absorption and tolerance index have increased as the perilla content increased. The amylograph measurement result of the bread made with perilla seed powder showed that T, P, H, F, P-H and F-H have decreased as the perilla content increased. Baking loss and specific loaf volume have decreased as the perilla content increased. The chromatic 'L' and 'b' values were reduced as more perilla was added to more pan bread, while the chromatic 'a' value increased. The texture measurement result showed that the hardness of bread have increased as the ingredient contents increased. Their cohesiveness, spinginess, and chewiness have decreased as the ingredient contents increased. Overall preference scores showed a high preference for the bread made with 15% perilla seed powder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.415-425
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on the metabolic changes of Ca and skeletons in postmenopausal women, using ovariecotomized rats as an animal model. The female rats of 200∼250g were fed either 8%(L) or 50%(H) casein diet for 15 weeks(1st experiment). At 15th week, the rats of each diet group were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation and they were continued to feed the same experimantal diet for 9 more months(2nd experiment). Ca metabolism, kidney function and bone composition were determined at the end of 1st experiment, 3rd and 9th month of 2nd experiment. After 1st experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion, however, there was no difference in GFR and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The weights, ash and Ca content of femur, scapular and vertebra tended to be higher in high protein groups which tells that high protein promoted skeletal growth. In 2nd experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion and lower Ca absorption and balance. GFR was not affected by dietary protein and ovariectomy but increased with time, as well as kidney weight which shows the continuous development of kidney at this age of 15 month in rats. There were no difference in urinary hydroxyproline, serum ALP, and PTH among experimental groups. The weights of femur, scapular, 4th vertebra increased with time, showing the skeleton continues to grow at this age in rats. However, Ca contents, Ca/wt, Ca/ash were decreased with time and tended to be lower in high protein group especially in femur. In conclusion, prolonged feeding of high protein diet deteriorated Ca metabolism and induced bone loss as time after menopause is extended.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.359-365
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• 2013

We investigated the nanostructural, chemical and optical properties of nc-Si:H films according to deposition conditions. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) techniques were used to produce nc-Si:H thin films. The hydrogen dilution ratio in the precursors, [$SiH_4/H_2$], was fixed at 0.03; the substrate temperature was varied from room temperature to $600^{\circ}C$. By raising the substrates temperature up to $400^{\circ}C$, the nanocrystalite size was increased from ~2 to ~7 nm and the Si crystal volume fraction was varied from ~9 to ~45% to reach their maximum values. In high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) images, Si nanocrystallites were observed and the crystallite size appeared to correspond to the crystal size values obtained by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy. The intensity of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS) peaks at ~99.9 eV(Si $L_{2,3}$ edge) was sensitively varied depending on the formation of Si nanocrystallites in the films. With increasing substrate temperatures, from room temperature to $600^{\circ}C$, the optical band gap of the nc-Si:H films was decreased from 2.4 to 1.9 eV, and the relative fraction of Si-H bonds in the films was increased from 19.9 to 32.9%. The variation in the nanostructural as well as chemical features of the films with substrate temperature appears to be well related to the results of the differential scanning calorimeter measurements, in which heat-absorption started at a substrate temperature of $180^{\circ}C$ and the maximum peak was observed at ${\sim}370^{\circ}C$.