• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.8
• /
• pp.1103-1108
• /
• 2008

An investigation to determine frequency and distribution of folate sensitive chromosomal fragile sites was carried out in a Pakistani breed of Lohi sheep to uncover fragile site phenomena. The means and standard errors of aberrant cell count (AC) and Number of aberrations (NoA) in Lohi sheep were $0.56{\pm}0.15$ and $0.59{\pm}0.16$ in the control cultures. FUdR treated cells showed significantly higher (p<0.001) AC and NoA means ($2.18{\pm}0.33$ and $2.65{\pm}0.50$). The sex comparison for the frequency of expression indicated that males had significantly higher number of aberrant cells and total number of aberrations in FUdR cultures than the female group in Lohi sheep. The comparison of control cultures was however, not significantly different between the two groups. The regression analysis of FUdR-induced chromosomal fragility data analysis of the fragility data predicted very low ${\beta}$ of 0.325 and 0.412 for AC and NoA respectively. Lohi chromosomes expressed lesions in only 7 and 24 bands in the control and FUdR cultures respectively. The total number of significantly fragile bands in the Lohi genome was only 4. The X-chromosome of the Lohi sheep was highly stable at $5{\mu}g/ml$ FUdR with no fragile sites. The sex comparison for the distribution of fragile sites across the Lohi genome did not reveal any noticeable differences.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2001

This research chose the existing designed copier zoom lens system and analyzed to calculate the optical capacity. As this lens system was the zoom lens system of finite object point, differed form the general camera zoom lens of infinite object point, it got a limited movement range because it moved between the fixed object and the image. In the result of comparison the optical capacities between a symmetric form and a asymmetric form. We could find out the truth which a asymmetric form constituted comparative stable aberrations and existed a tracks of effort for aberration correction. Therefore, a symmetric form is allotted satisfactorily from improved aberrations by itself in the fixed focal lens system. However, it has a limit of improving for capacity when it is used a zoom lens system got a symmetric form.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.239-245
• /
• 2000

In this paper, the fundamental properties of diffractive optical element were investigated. Also, this work deals with theoretical approaches for achromatization in DOE's optical system based on thin lens theory. It is found that achromatization could be satisfied by one hybrid lens only, which is composed of a diffractive and a refractive element. In order to have compact optical system, we used the tele-photo type lens composed of a positive and a negative power elements instead of retro-focus lens. From the Gaussian brackets and Seidel aberration theory, the initial design was numerically obtained. The aberration properties of an initial design was aplanat and flat field. In order to correct the chromatic aberrations, refractive and diffractive elements were used on front element. This hybrid lens is also useful for correction of higher order aberrations. Compared to conventional design composed of refractive lenses only, this approach dramatically improved the compactness of the optical system. Finally, residual aberration balancing results in a lens with focal length of 3.89 mm and overall length of 5.19 mm, which has enough performance over an f-number of 4.0. Also, it is expected to fulfill all the requirements of a digital still camera lens. This optical system is superior to the current refractive lens system in the number of elements, weight, and aberration properties. rties.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.1079-1085
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of chitosan oligosaccharide and the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on mercury induced genotoxicity in mice using the micronuclei and chromosome aberration. The micronuclei test was performed by microscopic examination $(\times1,000,\;stained\;using\;a\;May-Grunwald\;solution)$ after administering 0.01, 0.1, and $1\%(10\;mg/mL)$ chitosan oligosaccharide for 7, 60, and 180 days ad libitum in mice. Total micronuclei of 1,000 polychromatic erythrocytes were recorded for each group. There was no difference between the untreated and experimental groups. The intake periods and concentrations of chitosan oligosaccharide did not affect the occurrence of micronuclei in bone marrow cells (P>0.05). The chromosomal aberration test was performed by microscopic examination $({\times}1,000,\;stained\;using\;a\;4\%\;Giemsa\;solution)$ after administering the same concentration of chitosan oligosaccharide to mice, in $F_1,\;F_2,\;F_3$ generations and parents. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations was defined as [Ydr=(D+R)/total number of counted lymphocytes]. Similar to the micronuclei test, there was no difference between the untreated and treated groups. These results showed that the intake periods and concentrations of chitosan oligosaccharide did not affect chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells (P>0.05). To investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on mercury-induced chromosome aberration, mice in each condition were supplied with $^{203}HgCl_2$ and chitosan oligosaccharide ad libitum. Chitosan oligosaccharide significantly inhibited $^{203}HgCl_2-induced$ chromosome aberration in mice. Based on the results of this study, it may be concluded that the chitosan oligosaccharide is a nontoxic material that could be used as a suppressor of heavy metal-induced genotoxicity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.88-99
• /
• 1998

This study was undertaken to find out the bio-effects due to be a radiation fractionated exposure. The experimental animals were divided into the control group and the radiation exposure groups of 20cGy, 40cGy and 80cGy with 220 male Sprague-Dawley rats at 6 weeks old. The radiation exposure groups were fractionated exposed from each 20cGy, 40cGy and 80cGy for every 5 days. The chromosome aberrations, the frequency of SCE, the changes of body weight, hematological values and enzyme activities were investigated for the fractionating exposure times and the time after fractionated exposure. The results were summarized as follows 1. The body weight of the radiation exposure groups were significantly decreased compared with control group according to the increasing fractionated exposure times, and it was the lowest values at the immediately after the end of the fractionating exposed, but it was recovered with the level of control group at 3rd weeks gradually increased 1st week after fractionated exposure. 2. The values of WBC, RBC, Hb and Hct in the radiation exposure groups were significantly decreased than those the control group, but the values of GOT, GPT, ALP, and LDH in the radiation exposure groups were significantly increased than those of the control group. 3. The frequency of chromosomal aberration were increased according to the increasing fractionated exposure dose, and it showed the highest at 5th days after fractionated exposed. The types of chromosomal aberration were occurred such as a numerical abnormality, deletion, break and duplication, it was not recovered immediately and maintained high frequency than the control group. 4. The frequency of SCE were significantly increased according to the increasing fractionated exposure dose in 20cGy, 40cGy and 80cGy groups. But it was recovered the level of control group at 7th days after fractionated exposure. According to the above results, this study could confirm that the frequency of chromosomal aberration and SCE were increased with fractionated exposure dose, the other hand, the changes of body weight, hematological values and enzyme activity values were significantly affected according to the increasing fractionated exposure dose.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.385-394
• /
• 2002

This study was constructed the correlations of the embryonic developmental rates and the frequency of chromosome aberration using ear-skin-fibroblast cell in nuclear transfer (NT) derived embryos. Karyoplast-oocyte complexes were fused and activated simultaneously, then cultured for seven days to assess development. The developmental rates of NT and in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos were 55.4% vs 63.5%, 31.7% vs 33% and 13.4% vs 16.8% in 2 cell, 8 cell and blastocyst, respectively. Firstly, the frequency of chromosome aberrations were evaluated using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with porcine chromosome 1 submetacentric specific probe. Chromosome aberration was detected at day 3 on the embryo culture, the percentages of chromosomal aneuploidy in NT and IVF embryos at 4-cell stage were 40%, 31.3%, respectively. Secondly, embryonic fragmentation was evaluated at 4-cell stage embryo. Frequency of embryonic fragmentations was in 51.3% of NT, 61.3% of IVF, 28.9% of parthenogenetic activation at 4-cell stage. The proportion of fragmentation in NT embryos was higher than activation embryos. This result indicates that chromosomal abnormalities and embryonic fragments are associated with low developmental rate in porcine NT embryo. It is also suggest that abnormal porcine embryos produced by NT related with lower implantation rate, increased abortion rate and production of abnormal fetuses.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.63-76
• /
• 1991

Butylated hrdroxyanisole(BHA), a widely used food additive phenolic antioxidant, is known to inhibit cancer formations inducible with a wide variety of chemical carcinogens including aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$. Thus, in the present study morphological characteristics underlying the hepatoprotective effects of BHA against $AFB_1$ inducible ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes have been examined. The obtained results are as follows : 1 . Livers obtained from rats treated with $AFB_1$ in vivo have been examined with transmission electron microscope. Among the many hepatocellular structural aberrations induced by $AFB_1$ treatment, the nuclear chromatins were found to be distributed irregularly('cap formation') and the nuclear membrane was found to be partially segregated. Furthermore, there were many lipid droplets, hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, dialated rough endoplasmic reticulum and, lysosomes arrested at various stages of its development. 2. Also, when $AFB_1$ was given in vitro to hepatocytes which have been isolated from untreated normal rats and examined under scanning electron microscope, there were much 'blobbing' phenomena resulting from cytoskeletal disturbances. 3. However, in the liver obtained from rats pretreated with BHA and then give the $AFB_1$, the observed morphological aberrations were in much reduced extent. Similarly, the BHA-hepatocytes had much decreased severity in the $AFB_1$ inducible blob formations.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.85-108
• /
• 1984

In order to study the relationship between resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs and immunologic cytotoxicity and their chromosome number, a line of cancer cells (NS-1) was exposed to BCNU and CCNU in vitro. Characteristics of the distribution of chromosome number of the survived cells were then comparatively analyzed. Effect of immune mediated cytotoxicity, i.e. complement and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, on the ploidy characteristics was observed in the same way. NS-1 cells were found to be a population of neoplastic cells of heterogeneity having 5 to 115 chromosomes per cell in metaphase. The majority of the cells were belong to the class of chromosome number 56 to 60 which were considered as the stem cell line. Dramatic changes in the distribution of chromosome number following drug treatment were not observed. However the range of chromosome distribution was slightly changed. Characteristics of chromosomal distribution of drug treated cells were not significantly varied by different doses of drug treated. Changed chromosomal distribution patterns of drug treated cells were reversible, especially the cells having 56 to 60 chromosomes recovered rapidly. Cells having 41-60 and 61-80 chromosomes among cells treated with BCNU and cells with 41-60 chromosomes after CCNU treatment were the major population which regenerated continuously. Following BCNU treatment cells having 61-80 chromosomes were not varied much whereas CCNU treatment affects the population in the same class. Chromosomal aberrations were significantly enhanced by BCNU and CCNU treatment. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations was greater in cells having more than 40 chromosomes compared with that in cells having less than 40 chromosomes. Changes in ploidy characteristics of the cells following complement mediated and cell mediated cytotoxicity were not significant. Therefore it was tentatively concluded that association of numerical distribution pattern of NS-1 cells with the response to the treatment used in this experiment was not recognized.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.136-143
• /
• 2015

Image deblurring by a deconvolution method requires accurate knowledge of the blur kernel. Existing point spread function (PSF) models in the literature corresponding to lens aberrations and defocus are either parameterized and spatially invariant or spatially varying but discretely defined. In this paper, a parameterized model is developed and presented for a PSF which is spatially varying due to lens aberrations and defocus in an imaging system. The model is established from the Seidel third-order aberration coefficient and the Hu moment. A skew normal Gauss model is selected for parameterized PSF geometry structure. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated with simulations and measurements for a defocused infrared camera and a single spherical lens digital camera. Compared with optical software Code V, the visual results of two optical systems validate our analysis and proposed method in size, shape and direction. Quantitative evaluation results reveal the excellent accuracy of the blur kernel model.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.28-35
• /
• 1993

In the case of an imaging system affected by aberrations which are not precisely known, the effect of aberrations can be minimized and near-diffraction-limited images can be restored by introducing artificial random phase fluctuations in the exit pupil of the imaging system and using bispectral speckle imaging. In order to determine the optimum value of the correlation length for Gaussian random phase model, computer simulation is performed for 50 image frames of a point object in the presence of defocus, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism of 1 wave, respectively. In terms of the criterion of performance, the FWHM of the point spread function, normalized peak intensity, MTF and visual inspection of the restored object are employed. The optimum value for the rms difference $\sigma$ of aberration on the exit pupil in the interval of Fried parameter ${\Upsilon}_0$ is given by 0.27-0.53 wave for spherical aberration, and 0.24-0.36 wave for defocus and astigmatism, respectively. It is found that the bispectral speckle imaging technique does not give good results in the case of coma.