• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2012

In this study, total antioxidant properties of extracts from different parts of Lespedeza bicolor were determined using techniques of measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl/2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents. The total antioxidant activities of leaf, stem and root extracts from various solvents (water, 50, 70, 100% ethanol, and hot-water) indicated that 50 and 70% ethanol extracts have high radical scavenging activities and phenolic contents. A systematic approach was used to determine the total antioxidant activity of different solvent fractions of the Lespedeza bicolor extracts, partitioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, and the ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the strongest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant assay-guided isolation was carried out to isolate potential antioxidant compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract was subjected to silica gel, LH-20 and RP-18 column chromatography successively, and afforded compound 1, which was identified as eriodictyol by NMR and MS analysis, after which its antioxidant activity was determined.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.956-962
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dentifrice-contatning grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and processed sulfur solution (PSS) on antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. We first evaluated the antimicrobial effects of GSE and PSS against oral microbes: Streptococcus mutans (Sm), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Candida albicans (Ca). When antimicrobial activity against Sm, Pi, Pg and Ca was tested, at 40 $\mu$l/disk, the inhibition zones of GSE were 11.0, 9.5, 8.0 and 9.0 mm, respectively. With the same method, the inhibition zones of PSS were 2.0, 3.5, 0.0 and 1.5 mm, respectively. In the micro broth dilution method, the MIC values of GSE against Sm, Pi, Pg and Ca were 0.24, 0.06, 0.10 and 15.63 $\mu$l/rnl, respectively. The MIC values of PSS were 0.12, 3.91,>125 and 7.81 $\mu$l/ml, respectively. When pH, refractive index, viscosity and color value of dentifrice-containing GSE and PSS were measured, there were no significant changes in these physical properties compared to the control samples. Antimicrobial activities of dentifrice products containing 0.5% GSE and 0.5% PSS against oral pathogens were 7.3, 4.3, 2.2 and 1.5 mm, respectively. According to these results, we conclude that there may be a role for GSE and PSS in the development of new oral supplies.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the contents of ash and inorganicelements in the herbaceous paeony roots collected from the markets of 9 regions in Korea. The contents of paeoniflorin ranged from 2.14% to 3.7%, and the average was 2.87%. The mean contents of ash was 4.2% and acid insoluble ash content was 0.55%. Total nitrogen of herbaceous paeony roots was 0.7%, phosphorus 0.69%, potassium 0.73%, calcium monoxide 1.02% and ferric oxide 82.15ppm respectively. The content of zinc ranged from 19.80ppm to 103.02ppm and the average was 34.59ppm ; this value showed some differences than other elements were, and the mean content of magnesium was 0.25%. The cadmium content showed 0.31ppm copper 4.95ppm, and plumbum 20.47ppm respectively. As above results, we could say that there was no health problems with local products, if we use a the herb medicine.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.202-211
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• 2016

This study evaluated the changes of phytoestrogen contents and antioxidant activities of soybean-powder milk (SPM) prepared from yellow soybean during fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum P1201. In consequence, the levels of total phenolic and isoflavone-aglycone contents, ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging activities, and FRAP assay values increased, while isoflavone-glycoside contents decreased during fermentation. The highest levels of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein were present in the Daepung SPM at concentrations of 177.92, 20.64, and $106.14{\mu}g/g$, respectively after 60 h of fermentation. Moreover, Daepung SPM showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity of 48.54%, an ABTS radical-scavenging activity of 99.25%, and a FRAP assay value of 0.84 at the end of fermentation. The fermented Daepung SPM possessed highest isoflavone aglycone contents and antioxidant activities, which can be utilized for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-62
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate middle school home economics(HE) teachers' perception and needs on self supervision related to HE subject matter, Using the methods of survey and interview, 177 samples were collected. For collected surveys, mean value, standard deviation, frequency, percentage analysis were performed by using an SPSS/Win (ver10.1) program. The results of this study were as follows. First, the middle school HE teachers recognized that self supervision related to HE subject matter was absolutely needed to expand the improvement of techniques for teaching instructions and the width of knowledge on the studies on textbook. Second, the middle school HE teachers recognized the necessary parts of self supervision related to HE subject matter as HE teaching-learning methods, the studies on textbook contents, and HE education philosophy in order. Third, the middle school HE teachers recognized that it would be helpful in improving their HE class and expertise in order of field survey, participation in various training programs, utilization of mass media, participation in societies for researches and meetings and information sharing with co-teachers among the types of self supervision. Fourth, the middle school HE teachers needed the reduction in miscellaneous duties, less pressure for time, restoration of teachers' desire, support of physical resources (improvement of various environments such as classrooms and special rooms), economic support and various support programs (expanding the opportunities to participate in training and society and establishment of a database for relevant materials, etc.) to facilitate self supervision. As such, the middle school HE teachers' overall recognition on HE-related self supervision became significantly higher. To enhance the HE-related expertise, however, it would be necessary to conduct concrete and active support for HE education, philosophical area and the studies on textbook contents as well as the teaching-learning methods for HE in which teachers' demand was high. In addition, the HE teachers wanted to have an easy and quick access to various HE-related data; therefore, it would be urgent to summarize scattered relevant data and support the HE teachers more systematically.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.559-567
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the hydrological characteristics of groundwater level change and rainfall hydrological runoff processes caused by tunnel construction at Milbot bog located in Mt. Cheonseong. Data were collected from July 2004 to May 2008. The results were summarized as follows: The occurrence time of the direct runoff caused by unit rainfall at the Milbot bog were tended to be slower than those at general mountainous basin. Also, runoff did not sensitively respond to amount of rainfall at the most of the long and short term hydrograph. The annual runoff rates from 2004 to 2008 were 0.26, 0.13, 0.16, 0.25 and 0.27, respectively, slightly increased after 2005 regardless of the tunnel construction. Thus, the function of Milbot bog will be weakened, and it supposed to be changed to land in the future because of increasing annual runoff. The annual runoff rate for 4 years was 0.19, which is greatly lower than that of general mountainous basin. The recession coefficient of the direct runoff in short term hydrograph was ranged to 0.89~0.97, which is much larger than that of the general mountainous basin, 0.2~0.8. The recession coefficient of base flow ranged from 0.93 to 0.99, which are similar to general mountainous watershed's values. Groundwater level of Milbot bog increased or decreased in proportion to rainfall intensity, and in the descending time after the groundwater level was reached at peak point, it tends to be decreased very slowly. Also, groundwater level increased or decreased maintaining relatively high value after precedent rainfall. Groundwater level was highest during summer with heavy rainfall, but was lowest during winter. Average groundwater levels decreased annually from 2004 to 2008, -8.48 cm, -14.60 cm, -20.46 cm, -20.11 cm, -28.59 cm, respectively. Therefore, it seems that the Milbot bog is becoming dry and losing its function as a bog.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.774-783
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• 2013

This study investigated the quality characteristics of boiled pork with different amounts (0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2%) of green tea, oolong tea and black tea extracts. Characteristics measured included approximate composition, water holding capacity (WHC), hardness, pH, Hunter's color value, total aerobic bacterial counts, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory qualities. Green tea approximately contained 3.4%, 31.8%, 5.5%, and 57.7% of moisture, crude protein, crude ash, and carbohydrate, respectively. There were no significant differences with the type of tea. However, the crude fat content of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea were 1.6%, 1.0%, and 0.9%, respectively. Green tea had the highest content of crude fat (p<0.05). Boiled pork approximately contained 55.1%, 38.6%, 5.2% and 0.9% moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash, respectively. The WHC of boiled pork, with tea extract added, significantly increased and there were no significant differences according to the type of tea. The hardness of boiled pork significantly increased as the amount of tea extract added increased (p<0.05). The pH of the boiled pork was not significantly different after storage for one day, but significantly decreased in control groups and boiled pork with 0.5% of any tea extract added during storage. However, in boiled pork with 1%, 1.5%, or 2% of any tea extract added, pH was not significantly different during storage. The Hunter's L and b values decreased in all boiled pork. The Hunter's a-values also decreased in boiled pork with green and black tea extract added, but increased in boiled pork with oolong tea extract added. In boiled pork with tea extract added, total aerobic bacterial counts significantly decreased as the amount of tea extract added increased during storage (p<0.05). The VBN values significantly increased during storage in all groups. TBARS values were significantly lower in boiled pork with green tea extract added, oolong tea added (at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, or 2%), and black tea extract added compared to control groups on the first day. The sensory evaluation results showed that the color, flavor, and overall acceptance of boiled pork containing 1% of oolong or black tea extracts had the highest scores but there were no significant differences. However, taste scores were significantly different (p<0.05). These results indicate that boiled pork has improved quality characteristics with 1% of oolong or black tea extracts added.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1386-1396
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum Platycodon grandiflorum root concentrate (PGRC, $65^{\circ}Brix$), fermented P. grandiflorum root extract by Lactobacillus plantarum (FPGRE, $2^{\circ}Brix$), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (Cactus-E, $2^{\circ}Brix$) for preparation of PGRC stick product with FPGRE using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental conditions were designed according to a central composite design with 20 experimental points, including three replicates for three independent variables such as amount of PGRC (8~12 g), FPGRE (0~20 g), and Cactus-E (0~20 g). The experimental data for the sensory evaluation and functional properties based on antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were fitted with the quadratic model, and accuracy of equations was analyzed by ANOVA. For the responses, sensory and functional properties showed significant correlation with contents of three independent variables. The results indicate that addition of PGRC contributed to increased bitterness and acridity based on the sensory test and antimicrobial activity, addition of FPGRE contributed to increased antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity, and addition of Cactus-E contributed to increased fluidity based on the sensory test, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. Based on the results of RSM, the optimum formulation of PGRC stick product was calculated as PGRC 8.456 g, FPGRE 20.00 g, and Cactus-Ex 20.00 g with minimal bitterness and acridity, as well as optimized fluidity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to investigate the suitable cultivar for organic strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivation in Korea. The six strawberry cultivars which were bred and commonly cultivated in Korea as forcing and semi-forcing culture were tested in this experiment. To achieve the objectives, various characteristics of these cultivars were investigated for two consecutive years such as growth habit, yield, fruit quality and occurrence rate of disease/pest. As results of this research, the total yield of 'Seolhyang' was the highest among cultivars tested in both forcing and semi-forcing cultivation. The average of soluble solid contents (SSC) in 'Seolhyang' was $12.0^{\circ}Bx$ that is lower than other cultivars and especially below $10^{\circ}Bx$ after March (high temperature period). But there was not much difference in SSC among 6 cultivars until the end of February. The average of hardness in 'Seolhyang' was 279g/${\phi}5\;mm$ which was a little higher than that of 'Akihime'. Titration acidity (TA) in 'Maehyang' was 0.69% which was the highest value among 6 cultivars. Total fresh/root weight of 'Seonhong' and leaf area of 'Seolhyang' were significant among other cultivars' ones in forcing culture. Growth habits (fresh weight, root weight, leaf area, etc.) showed no significant difference among cultivars in semi-forcing culture. The lowest occurrence rate for powdery mildew and aphids was found in 'Seolhyang', but gray mold was severer than other cultivars. The density of two spider mites was the lowest in 'Redpearl'. We have concluded that 'Seolhyang' is the most suitable cultivar for organic strawberry cultivation by the result of yield, fruit quality and resistance of disease/pest.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

We have recently discovered that mycelium of Phellinus linteus, popular medical mushrooms in Korea, possess alcohol dehydrogenase and produce alcohol. In the present study, it was examined that the effect of fermented rice wine made by using mycelium of P. linteus (FLMP) on the expression of in-flammation-related proteins in both $HepG_2$ cells and rats. To examine the effect of FLMP on the morphology and expression of inflammatory proteins in $HepG_2$ cells, the cells were incubated with ethanol, and FLMP for 24 hours, and then analyzed by microscopic observation and Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). While ethanol induced the morphological change accompanied with cell debris formation and scattering on $HepG_2$ cells, FLMP had no effect. The results of Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 was induced by ethanol, however, FLMP inhibited the expression of these proteins and its mRNAs. In the animal model, the value of flutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase was significantly increased by administration with ethanol. But the group administrated with FLMP showed lower levels on the changes of these markers compared with ethanol-administrated group. Besides, the results of Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the expression of inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-1 and COX-2 was not affected by FLMP administration in rat liver. About histopathological and immunohistochemical observations, inflammatory loci were markedly decreased in the FLMP-administrated rat compared to ethanol-administrated rats and showed weaker COX-2 and iNOS jmmunoreactions. These results suggested that FLMP showed slight changes on the inflammatory proteins expression compared to ethanol and FLMP may be used as a functional alcoholic beverage.