• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.720-728
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• 2014

In order to characterize the quality of Doenjang, fermented Korean soybean paste, subjected to long-term aging, this study performed physico-chemical analyses and sensory evaluation according to aging period (from 1 to 9 years). Regarding the proximate composition of Doenjang according to aging period, moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and salt contents showed little differences among Doenjang samples. Amino-type nitrogen content was 1,046.7 mg% in the 1 year-aged sample, 990.9~996.9 mg% in the 2~5 year-aged samples, and 1,214.1~1,304.8 mg% in the samples fermented more than 5 years. ${\Delta}$E value, reflecting total color differences between the samples, increased according to aging period. Ratios of linoleic and linolenic acids, which are essential fatty acids in soybeans, constituted 55% of total fatty acids, which was the most abundant among all fatty acids. The major free sugar in Doenjang was fructose at a content of 1.6~2.2% in 1~9 year-aged Doenjang. Glycoside form of isoflavones in Meju constituted 77.1%, and the aglycon form constituted 22.9%. However, the glycoside type of isoflavones in soybeans was converted to aglycon type in Doenjang through fermentation and aging. In the sensory evaluation of Doenjang samples, brown color, salt smell, soy sauce flavor, and viscosity all increased according to aging period, whereas sweet flavor, roast smell, beany flavor, salty taste, and acrid taste showed no significant differences. In cluster analysis of the sensory attributes of Doenjang according to aging period, 1 year-aged Doenjang was significantly different between 2 year- and 3~5 year-aged Doenjang.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2009

It has been known that Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens are dietary sources of possible chemopreventive compounds such as lignans and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. Here, we investigated and compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on mutagenicity using the Ames test, and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatment with the methanol extract from either Linum usitatissimum or Perilla frutescens (p<0.05) in a dose dependent manner. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens showed 63% and 78% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Perilla frutescens possessed stronger antimutagenic activity than did Linum usitatissimum. Inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) appeared to increase dose dependently, and the inhibition was more effective against AGS and HT-29 compared to Hep 3B cells. Our results suggested that the methanol extract from Perilla frutescens showed stronger antimutagenic activity than that from Linum usitatissimumas assayed by the Ames mutagenic test, whereas the methanol extract from Linum usitatissimum was more effective than its counterpart for growth inhibition of human cancer cells. It is concluded that intake of Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens as sources of omega-3 fatty acids will be beneficial for preventing cancer.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.237-252
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• 2011

In this study, four different oils containing either CLA, GLA, GLA+Carnitine or corn oil (control) were supplemented to finishing pigs (average 70.8 kg initial BW) diet for 28 d of feeding period. To evaluate the values of the dietary fatty acids, especially in view of sensory and nutritional characteristics of pork; pig performances, carcass characteristics, serum cholesterol, neutrophil phagocytosis, TBARS, electronic nose flavor and fatty acids profile of pork were measured. There were no differences in daily gain and nutrients digestion among treatments, but daily feed intake of CLA enriched diet was lower (P<0.05) than that of other diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness, dressing percentage and carcass grade among pigs fed diets supplemented with different oils. Serum total cholesterol showed a tendency to be lowered in pigs fed GLA enriched diet. TBARS values during storage of pork were higher in belly from pigs fed control diet whereas the values of belly from pigs fed GLA+Carnitine diet were lower than others. However, difference in TBARS was not remarkable in adipose tissue and 4 weeks extended storage regardless of pork parts. Proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 were higher (P<0.05) in pork loin and thin skirt from pigs fed CLA enriched diet compared to those from other diets. There were no differences in fatty acids profiles of belly and adipose tissue. CLA accumulation in pork was increased by the dietary CLA supplementation and this could be also confirmed by a slight de novo synthesis of CLA in pork from pigs fed CLA free diets. GLA was selectively accumulated to pork adipose tissue and loin from pigs fed GLA enriched diets. There was no accumulation of GLA when GLA was not supplemented, indicating no de novo synthesis of GLA. Phagocytic activity was the highest (p<0.05) in neutrophil of pigs fed GLA+Carnitine supplemented diet, then, followed by pigs fed GLA supplemented diet. There was no difference in phagocytosis between control and CLA treatment although the phagocytosis was numerically lowest in pig fed CLA enriched diet. There were distinct differences in electronic nose flavor pattern among treatments regardless of the parts. This study showed that dietary supplementation of functional fatty acids like CLA or GLA was able to result in characteristic differences in feed intake, TBARS, fatty acids profile and flavor of pork, serum cholesterol regulation and neutrophil phagocytosis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-381
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS: During the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized motherinfant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding of garlic stalk silage on performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Feeding trial was conducted with 27 heads of Hanwoo steers and these animals were divided into two groups of control(rice straw) and garlic stalk silage. Animals consuming rice straw were fed concentrates and rice straw for 22 months from the 5 months of age and animals consuming garlic stalk silage were fed concentrates, rice straw and garlic stalk silage for 22 months from the 5 months of age. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage were fed 1.34 and 1.47, 1.69 and 1.74, 1.65 and 1.66% concentrates to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as roughage sources were fed 1.37 and 1.38, 0.65 and 0.63, 0.43 and 0.43% roughages to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Also, animals fed garlic stalk silage were offered 0.22 and 0.33% garlic stalk silage to body weight for the fattening and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources did not differ in average daily gain during the whole feeding periods. Animals of control group consumed less concentrates and roughage than those fed garlic stalk silage during the whole feeding periods. However, feed efficiency was not significantly different between both treatments. Beef yield including backfat thickness, eye muscle area and carcass weight was slightly lower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw even though there were no differences between both treatments. However, beef quality including beef color, fat color, texture, maturity and marbling score was slightly higher in the garlic stalk silage-fed animals than in the animals fed rice straw although there were not statistically different between both treatments. Animals consuming garlic stalk silage was significantly(p<0.05) lower in shear value than those fed rice straw. Amino acid composition including essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid was not different between animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage. Eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained slightly higher oleic acid, less linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and more linolenic acid than that of animals fed rice straw only as a roughage sources. So eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained more mono-unsaturated fatty acid than that of animals fed rice straw and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio was narrower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Economic income was higher by 20% in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Therefore, It may be concluded that feeding of garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources to steers during the fattening period seems to improve meat quality, fatty acid composition and economic income.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the quality of the pork from finishing pigs that were fed diets containing different levels of methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM). A total of 135 crossbred pigs $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ were fed either with a control commercial diet or the control diet supplemented with 300- and 500-ppm MSM for 158d. The pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg live weight and were transported to the local slaughterhouse for electrical stunning followed by exsanguination. After the slaughter, the pork muscles were dissected from each carcass, placed in wrap package bags, and stored for 8d at $4^{\circ}C$. The TEARS values of the pigs that were fed MSM diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with those of the pigs that were fed with non-supplemented diets. The Na, Mg, and Ca contents of the dietary MSM were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of the non-supplemented diets, but the Fe, Cu, and Zn contents of the dietary MSM were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the non-supplemented diets, and the increased level of MSM supplementation resulted in higher sulfur contents. There was no difference among the diets in terms of amino acid content. The dietary supplementation with MSM, however, led to increased saturated fatty acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acid (%) in the pork muscles (p<0.05). The sensory panelists recorded greater marbling and overall acceptability scores in the samples with 500-ppm-MSM dietary supplementation (p<0.05). These data suggest that supplementing pig diets with MSM can improve the quality of the pork and can enhance the eating quality because the sensory panels found that the pork from pigs that were fed an MSM-supplemented diet had better sensory characteristics.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 1991

The volatile components, normal hydrocarbons, organic acids, and nonvolatile fatty acids in the various parts of Luffa cylindrica(L.) Roemer(sponge-gourd) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. More than 150 volatile components were separated and thirty seven components were identified and quantified. The contents of essential oil were 0.05%, 0.05%, and 0.08% on a dried weight base in leaves, stem, and seeds respectively. Fruit juice and sap contained 0.06% and 0.03% oil on the fresh weight base. Twenty six components of normal hydrocarbons in leaves, stem, seed, and unripe fruit were separated, identified, and quantified. The total concentrations of the hydrocarbons were $75.5\;{\mu}g/g$ in leaf, $52.0\;{\mu}g/g$ in stem, $46.6\;{\mu}g/g$ in fruit juice, and $32.8\;{\mu}g/g$ in seed fractions. The major hydrocarbons in leaves, stem, and fruit juice were $nC_{25}$, $nC_{27}$, $nC_{29}$, and $nC_{31}$, $nC_{16}$, $nC_{17}$, $nC_{18}$, and $nC_{19}$ were abundant in seeds mainly. The concentration of malonic acid among the five organic acids was highest in leaves, stem, and flowers. Unripe fruit contained 24.5 mg/g of the five organic acids and malic and citric acids were higher. The concentrations of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were higher concentration in the various parts of sponge-gourd and palmitic acid was distributed in the most parts. The concentrations of organic and fatty acids in the sap were negligible.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.245-253
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• 2024

We investigated to analyze total flavonoid content and fatty acid composition of Stachys sieboldii Miq root. In order to determine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of fractions from S. sieboldii Miq. root, we conducted 1.1-Diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS) assays for antioxidant and measured nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, we examined an inhibitory effect of fractions from S. sieboldii Miq. root on smad signaling induced by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. Among the fractions, n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction showed the highest flavonoid content (16.67 mg/g), followed by n-Hexane, water and 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH) fractions. The fatty acid composition of S. sieboldii Miq. root was in the following order : n-6 fatty acids (54.3%) > n-3 fatty acids (21.2%) > saturated fatty acids (19.7%) > n-9 fatty acids (3.6%). As a result of the antioxidant efficacy, the DPPH and ABTS assays showed that n-BuOH fraction had higher scavenging activity compared to other fractions. Inhibitory effect on NO production showed that all fractions decreased LPS-induced NO production, indicating an anti-inflammatory activity of S. sieboldii Miq. root. 85% aq. MeOH and water fractions showed a higher efficacy in inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF) β induced smad signaling. From the results, it suggests that food processing products using S. sieboldii Miq. root will be developed as a functional food for promoting health.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.443-454
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary full-fat soybeans and linseed as fat sources on in vitro ruminal disappearances of dry matter and unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids profile. The full-fat soybeans and linseed were high in linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and $\alpha$-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), respectively. The incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. After each time of incubation, medium digesta was lyophilized for analyzing its DM and fatty acids contents. DM disappearance was significantly higher in linseed treatment compared to full-fat soybeans treatment on 6 h (p<0.01), 12 h (p<0.05) and 24 h (p<0.01), but cumulative gas production was not significantly different between both treatments. Stearic acid (C18:0) content in medium digesta was increased in both soybeans and linseed as a result of complete biohydrogenation with increased incubation time and C18:0 and C18:1 contents of full-fat soybeans were significantly higher than those of linseed (p<0.05). The content of C18:2 and C18:3 in digesta of each treatment were decreased by biohydrogenation as incubation time was increased. The content of C18:2 in full-fat soybeans was significantly higher than that of linseed (p<0.05) while the content of C18:3 in linseed was significantly higher than that of full-fat soybeans (p<0.001). Net C18:0 production was significantly higher in full-fat soybeans (332.24%) than linseed (133.16%) on 72 h. Disappearance of C18:1 was significantly lower in full-fat soybeans than linseed (p<0.05), especially full-fat soybeans showed negative (-) values on 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. The disappearance of C18:3 was significantly higher in linseed than full-fat soybeans (p<0.05). The disappearance of C18-unsaturated fatty acid was significantly higher in linseed than full-fat soybeans. In conclusion, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in both full-fat soybeans and linseed were extensively biohydrogenated. In addition, biohydrogenation of PUFA was more completed to C18:0 in full-fat soybeans than linseed, reflecting dietary PUFA composition.