• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.65-76
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• 2007

This research is progressed on the premise that there is a basic rule to organize a space in form generation process. In this study first, antecedent researches are inquired, and formal vocabularies related with form generation in space design are founded. Generally in the organizing process of spatial form designer could have selectively combined formal vocabularies consciously or unconsciously, and these formal vocabularies related with form generation are classified with 'formal elements' and 'spatial relationships'. First, as formal elements '2-dimensional line elements(rectilinear, oblique-linear, curvilinear)' are chosen. Second, formal vocabularies of 'spatial relationships' are 37 extracted from literatures related with architectural language or spatial language. Among them there are several vocabularies with similar or same meaning, they are unitized to representative one. Thereupon 20 vocabularies are finally selected as the formal vocabularies of 'spatial relationships', they are addition, subtraction, intersection, superimposition, juxtaposition, shifting, rotation, reflection, scaling, stretching, shear, bending, folding, distortion, articulation, deconstruction, symmetry, repetition, proportion, and asymmetry.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.184-204
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• 2015

Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is a mathematical tool for the effective representation of imprecise and vague knowledge. However, with a large number of formal concepts from a fuzzy context, the task of knowledge representation becomes complex. Hence, knowledge reduction is an important issue in FCA with a fuzzy setting. The purpose of this current study is to address this issue by proposing a method that computes the corresponding crisp order for the fuzzy relation in a given fuzzy formal context. The obtained formal context using the proposed method provides a fewer number of concepts when compared to original fuzzy context. The resultant lattice structure is a reduced form of its corresponding fuzzy concept lattice and preserves the specialized and generalized concepts, as well as stability. This study also shows a step-by-step demonstration of the proposed method and its application.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.79-99
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• 1992

The DEVS (Discrete Event system Specification) formal model for discrete event simulation is a hierarchical, modular model. Because the DEVS formal model has a mathematical structure, it provides a theoretic background of discrete event simulation model. However, the DEVS formal model is difficult to understand because of its mathematical structure. Also, since the DEVS formal model is often constructed by heuristic, subjective method of model designer from the model, a systematic model built-in methodology does not exist. In this paper, we propose the model formalization methodology from an informal model to the DEVS formal model. For this formalization methodology, we introduce formal tools for model construction based on the DEVS ( from an informal model : Event Dependency Graph (EDG) for the event analysis and State Representation Graph(SRG) for the system state analysis.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.19 no.2 s.30
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• pp.48-68
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• 2006

This study is designed to develop a certification system for non-formal environmental education educators as part of efforts to nurture non-formal environmental education educators, increase public trust in non-formal environmental education educators and secure structure and sustainability of non-formal environmental education. The job of non-formal environmental education educators-distant from technical expertise functions that are dealt with by existing certification system - belongs to education and service industry, And the certification system I try to develop is different from existing exclusive certification system based on written tests. It is rather an authentication system based on capability development. So its components are somewhat different from those of existing certification system. However, I also tried to ensure that the system should include components which were supposed to be part of basic certification system. The certification system for non-formal environmental education educators in the study is focused on developing a framework for basic certification system. Therefore, I believe that follow up studies may be needed to address execution, i.e., specific evaluation criteria to select organizations in charge of certification system and education course/program respectively, criteria to select instructors who will lead training course/program and decision on whether experiences as eco-guide or nature experience guide should be recognized as experiences for non-formal environmental education educator etc.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2016

We introduce formal symbols of product type and of minimum type and show that the formal power series representation for $e^p$ is a formal symbol of product type, where p is a formal symbol of minimum type.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

The study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal institutions for strengthening economic development, particularly entrepreneurship growth. The research will also assess the impact of control variables on political index within the formal and informal markets. The research is quantitative, which analyses panel data of 6 years in 22 countries comprising middle and high-income countries with diversified and unique political, economic, and social systems. The findings suggested that reducing the entry regulation and promoting the social capital within the formal and informal institutions would grow formal and informal entrepreneurship and be a greater source for new venture creation. Moreover, the political index, a control variable, was found significant in the relationship of institutional mix with formal and informal entrepreneurship. Entry regulations in formal and informal institutions are a complex phenomenon in the entrepreneurship literature, moderated by the political development index as tested by the current study. The time horizon for this paper is much longer since it analyzes 6 years (2014-2019) of data on 22 developing and developed countries to see the entrepreneurial growth across multiple regions on different income levels, geographic conditions, and contrasting political and social systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.153-158
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• 1997

This paper describes a formal safety analysis technique which is demonstrated by performing empirical formal safety analysis with the case study of beamline hutch door Interlock system that is developed by using PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) systems at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. In order to perform formal safety analysis, we have built the Z formal specifications representation from user requirement written in ambiguous natural language and target PLC ladder logic, respectively. We have also studied the effective method to express typical PLC timer component by using specific Z formal notation which is supported by temporal history. We present a formal proof technique specifying and verifying that the hazardous states are not introduced into ladder logic in the PLC-based safety critical system.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.883-900
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• 2004

As object-oriented development technology that increases extensibility and reusability has been widely spread, it can shorten development period and enhance quality by reusing verified object-oriented artifacts. Thus we can construct high quality component-based system at short time transforming component-based model using verified object-oriented artifacts. In this paper, we propose techniques to transform available object-oriented design model into component-based model using formal specification techniques in order to increase accuracy of transformation. First, formal specification language for component is defined for formal specification of component-based design. And, techniques for formal specification of object-oriented design using Object-Z, a formal specification language, is proposed in structural, functional, and dynamic aspects. Next, we present techniques for transforming formal specification of object-oriented design into formal specification of component-based design. Through a case study we apply the proposed transformation techniques and show the transformation process of object-oriented formal specification into component-based formal specification.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-164
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• 2007

Improving the formal objection system regarding reviewing medical expenses requires authority and confidence in the aspect of well-functioning the health insurance review and assessment system, legally and appropriately. The purposes of improvement of the formal objection system should aim for protecting the people's right of health. On handling the formal objections, the disputes of the rights should be settled economically and promptly by fairness, specialty, and objectivity in the health insurance review and assessment administration. Therefore, in order to promote the administrative specialty of health insurance, the formal objection committee needs to be organized independently and guaranteed expertly. Under the current formal objection system, however, the organization of committee lacks right-relief function, recognition and public relation as a health insurance appeal system, and related professional man powers. It is also analyzed that there are several controversial points, such as mass deliberation to the formal objection committee and its conference procedure. As a measure of improvement, it is analyzed that the committee needs to be organized independently with a proper number of professional man powers. The strict deliberation procedures and the prohibition of the decision-making by non-conference are also required to be empowered. The formal objection procedure provides the beneficiaries and the claims legitimately, so that it secures the legal relations on the health insurance system. Therefore, on the conference process of formal objection, the expert and guaranteed protection should be provided promptly, and its procedures to the appellants should also be assisted kindly.