• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2000

The purpose of this article is to investigate the forms and styles of pond at private housing in terms of diachronically influencing characteristics in the Choson Dynasty. From various literatures and records, we have selected 73 cases of pond. We have analyzed the types of pond based on square type, squared type with islets, and modified types and found the following results: 1) Chronically, shapes of pond had been chanced from the three prototypes into their features of deducting side or edge, adding a triangular or trapezoid shape, and installing more islets, and replaced their figures with gradually progressive from side having a straight lined shape to a curved one. 2) As for characteristics of arranging ponds, we found three patterns of arrangement - the juxtaposition with a similar shape of pond, juxtaposition with a different shape of pond, and the juxtaposition with a pond having different topological level in the light of the relation with a stream and a pond. We can conclude the two changed patterns of ponds at private residence in Choson Dynasty that the one had been transformed shapes of pond with sides of pond, and the others had been transformed juxtaposition with either a stream or a natural stream. From this research we can find an important implications in understanding patterns and types of garden in the Choson Dynasty from exploratory approach and in the future the relationship between topographical characteristics of private residence and Confucian ideas, and shapes of pond is needed to be examined in explanatory manner.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

Treatment level and pond reactions of a pond system were examined from May to October 2002. The system was constructed in July 2000 for purifying water of Sinyang stream that flows into Koheung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The system was composed of a primary and a secondary pond in series and established on the rice field near the lake. Water pumped from the stream was funneled into the primary pond, whose effluent was discharged into the secondary pond by gravity flow. Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into wetlands. About 130 $m^3$/day of water was pumped into the primary pond and detention time of the primary and secondary pond was about 2 days. DO from the surface to the 1.0 m depth of the primary and secondary pond was in the rage of 5.2 to 11.0 mg/L and 4.3 to 0.7 mg/L, respectively. DO at the bottom layer of the primary pond was 0 mg/L and that of the secondary pond ranged 3.0~4.7 mg/L. The primary pond functioned as a facultative pond and the secondary as an aerobic one. The temperature difference between the surface and bottom layers of the ponds in August was about $2.5^{\circ}C$ and that in May and October was about $1.0^{\circ}C$. Thermocline was observed in the primary pond during the high ambient temperature of August. The sludge depth of the primary pond in May, August, and October was 2.4, 1.9, and 2.2 cm, respectively. That of the secondary pond was 1.2, 1.0, and 1.1 cm, respectively. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P concentrations in influent averaged 16.64, 6.71, 6.21, and 0.23 mg/L and those in effluent from the primary pond averaged 11.48, 4.97, 4.81, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively. The removal rates of the primary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 31%, 26%, 22%, and 24%, respectively. Average concentrations of SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P in effluent from the secondary pond were 9.81, 4.07, 4.03, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and the abatement rates of the secondary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 20%, 12%, 13%, and 15%, respectively. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations in effluent from the primary pond were significantly low(p=0.001) when compared with those from the secondary one.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.357-361
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• 2007

To determine the feeding sites preferred by adult gold-spotted pond frogs, Rana plancyi chosenica, and the foods that induce favorable growth of the frogs in the laboratory, we conducted two separate experiments between 27 May and 12 July 2007 in a vivarium. In the first experiment, we counted the number of crickets eaten by four gold-spotted pond frogs in a 60 min period at four different feeding sites within the experimental arenas: on the water surface, at the edge of a pond, and at two terrestrial sites. Adult gold-spotted pond frogs ate more crickets on the water surface and at the edge of the pond than the terrestrial sites. In the second experiment, we measured the growth of SVL (snout-vent length) and body mass of adult gold-spotted pond frogs fed crickets, mealworms, maggots, or earthworms in individual experimental boxes over a one month period. The SVL and body mass of the adult gold-spotted pond frogs fed crickets, mealworms, or maggots were greater than those of the frogs that were fed earthworms. These results indicate that providing crickets, mealworms, or maggots on the water or at the edge of a pond should induce favorable growth of captive-reared adult gold-spotted pond frogs.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.351-364
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 저류지에 의한 우수의 수질개선 효과를 모형실험에 의하여 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 배수구역 출구에 저류지를 설치함으로써 합류식 관거를 통한 하수 및 강우 초기 유출수의 첨두유량과 오염도를 크게 경감시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 저류조 모형실험은 자연침강 저류조와 자갈접촉 저류조에 대하여 각각 실시하였다. 자연침강 저류조실험에서는 지속적으로 우수한 방류하는 경우보다는 일정시간 저류지내에 정체 후 방류하는 경우가 동일한 지체시간의 조건하에서 더 높은 오염물질 제거율을 보였다. 또한, 자갈을 채운 저류조에 대한 실험을 실시하였으며, 자연침강 저류조에 비해 전반적으로 각 오염성분에 대해 높은 제거율을 보였다. 한편, 채움재료의 표면이 상대적으로 거친 쇄석의 경우가 자갈보다 높은 제거율을 보였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2019

Pond ash is a mixture of mostly coarser fly ash and bottom ash. The recycling rate of pond ash is low because pond ash is mixed with seawater and deposited in ponds. The pond ash is also subjected to natural weathering over a period of time. In this study, we investigated whether pond ash can be used as a raw material of geopolymers, without any purification process or through a minimal purification process. In addition, we investigated whether synthetic basalt made by adding foaming agent to geopolymer or casting it into a mold can show the surface of the natural basalt as it is. The highest 7-day compressive strength in geopolymers from pond ash without purification process was 26 MPa. The highest 7-day compressive strength in geopolymers from pond ash with impurities removed through dry sieve analysis was found to improve to 80 MPa. On the other hand, synthetic basalt made with geopolymer was shown to be more advantageous aesthetically when produced by casting it in a silicone mold rather than by adding a foaming agent. Non-purified pond ash can be made into geopolymers having low strength. Pond ash purified by sieving can, without use of an aggregate, be made into geopolymer having high-strength. Also, it is possible to produce synthetic basalt with the same appearance as natural basalt and sufficient strength for commercialization. This process will contribute to the mass consumption and recycling of pond ash.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to develop the principle of space composition in Jungja of a category of korean traditional space. The results which analyzed outside space, prospect angle and preference factors for landscape with making, Jungja which has artificially constructed pond within Gyeongbug province, the subject of study were as fellows ; Size of pond was quite different in each Jungja, and its form was retangular. There was built circle island or figured ten-long life within pond. These pursued harmony of the cosmic dual force or eternal youth. Average angle of depression and horizontal angle from floor of Jungja to pond were respectively 16$^{\circ}$ 23', 48$^{\circ}$ 26'. Average angle of depression to island in pond was 13$^{\circ}$28'. Average angle of depression from floor of Jungia to wall was 2$^{\circ}$58'. With controlling height of wall, there was maintained privacy and used borrowed landscape. Tree within garden was mainly planted a deciduous tall tree, the important species of tree were bamboo, pomegranate tree, crape myrtle, etc. Variables that gave influence on landscape preference degree were things about tree and pond. On prospecting pond, these variables-feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond-gave Largely influences.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop a method to spread out the ecological ponds in urban areas more effectively. It is urgent to supply the ecological ponds in more broad scope to ensure the water space in urban areas which has been dried out. It is necessary to formulate a plan for improving the amenity in the cities through creation a biotop in swampy land by building rainfall ponds. Thus, a model of the ecological pond in this study has been developed by reviewing the related researches which provide the theoretical basis and by considering the characteristics of nature for a naturally approached pond. This study has produced a ecological pond model in order to introduce and spread out damp biotop. Ecological aspects have been mainly considered in designing and building the pond model. This model consists of areas for emerged plants and bog plants and has its advantage in providing animals and insects with habitats and shelters. In addition, the model includes areas for emerged plants, which are very effective in purification of the rainfall from the rooftop. After the construction of the pond, the plants were planted according to the plan, and the infiltration trench was installed beside the pond to drain out the overflow of the pond. The result of this research has shown the possibility of supplying the ecological pond in small parks and in schools of the city in an easy way. Through the application of this pond system, the water cycle and the ecosystem in urban areas will be improved.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

The purpose of this article is to study the design and construction of Anap pond with a comparative study of ancient palace ponds in Korea, China and Japan. Anap pond was excavated in 1975-6 and is the oldest orignal pond to be found among Koran garden sites. Anap pond was made just before Shilla drove out Tang, after Shilla ruined Paekjae and Koguryo with the Tang army. This was a time Shilla enjoyed a multi-cultural situation due to interaction with Paekjae and Koguryo refugees, as well as information provided by the ambassadors sent to Tang who were well aquainted with Tang culture. Anap pond shows the influence of not only the indigenous mountain-god myth, but also the theoretical background common among Korea, China and Japan. But it also depicts the special form of space inbued with the exquisite aesthetic taste of Shilla people, which started with Anap pond hardened in Gaen temple, and which bloomed in Sukgulam. Scenery structure analysis gives a supposition of the center building on the western coatland, and sequential analysis gives the feeling of being at sea, analysised by root square shape analysis, equal ratio square shape and golden section, sow we can see the planned space organization by speculated planning. Thus, Anap pond is a garden of Shilla in which the cultural exchange has been inculturated and made our own, and the special aesthetic taste embodied.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.80-94
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze and interpret the ponds appeared in the Korean traditional temples. Summarized findings are as follows: First, it appeared that the location of ponds of the Korean traditional temples is, in general, in both the entry space and transitional space of temple. And it is considered that such configurations of the location of ponds were done intentionally in order that the ponds should have a significance as same as the concept that a natural mountain stream separates the sacred place and the secular world. Second, since the size of the ponds appeared in the temples are considered to be what is transformed from the original one, it is hard to understand the real size. However, it is judged that since ponds we see at present played an element of the total space of a temple it is deemed that no significant change of the size of ponds have happened if the size of the structure a temple itself has ever changed. Third, it appeared that the forms of the temple's ponds are diversified in a square, oval, egg-shaped one, round shape(circle), natural shape, etc. and it is identified that most of the ponds inspected for this study appeared to be in shapes of an oval, egg-shaped one, and round shape which take a typical curve. Fourth, regarding the temples whose origins are from the Baekje dynasty or Shilla dynasty among the objects of this case study, there appear some uniform styles for each temple respectively. For example, in both the Junglim Temple's twin pond(定林寺 雙池) and the Mireuk Temple's twin pond(彌勒寺 雙池) which were built in the Baekje dynasty appears a twin-pond in a square shape, and in the Bulkuk temple(佛國寺), Haein temple(海印寺), Tongdo temple(通度寺), etc. which were built in the Silla dynasty appears the ponds in an egg-shape one. Fifth, regarding the function of the ponds appeared in the temples, the ponds are characterized with a lotus pond(蓮池), reflecting pond(影池), and pond complex(蓮 . 影池). In consideration of the 20 ponds in the 15 places of this study's object, there are 8 lotus ponds(蓮池), 6 reflecting ponds(影池), and 6 ponds complex(蓮 . 影池).

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.64-79
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• 2016

본 연구는 종묘(宗廟)의 지당(池塘)을 대상으로 조선시대부터 근현대기까지 진행된 변천과정의 규명에 목적을 두고 있다. 이에 따른 연구결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 종묘 지당에 관한 최초의 기록은 "세종실록"에서 확인된다. 세종 25년(1443)에 조성 중이던 지당은 지금의 상지(上池)를 가리키며, "국조오례의" "종묘전도"에 따르면 중도(中島)가 없는 형태의 방지(方池)였다. 숙종대의 중지(中池)에는 쌍도(雙島)가 조성되어 있었고, 중도(中島) 내에는 단풍나무, 박달나무 등을 비롯한 여러 수목이 식재되어 있었다. 또한 중지 내에는 무성한 연꽃도 자라고 있었다. 특히 쌍도 형식이었던 중지의 중도는 이후 단도(單島) 형식으로 변화하였는데, 영조(英祖) 연간에 이루어진 지당의 확장공사와 관련되었을 가능성이 높다. 근현대기에 이르러 이원적(二元的) 배치의 하지(下池)가 조성되면서 종묘의 지당은 본격적인 변형국면에 접어들었다. 근대기의 항공사진에 의하면 하지는 적어도 1947년 이전에 조성되었는데, 1980년대 중반에 이르러 이원적 배치의 하지 가운데 우측 하지가 매립되면서 일원화된 형태의 하지가 나타나게 되었다. 한편 "종묘배치도"와 국가기록원 소장 사진첩에 의하면 상지와 중지의 호안(護岸)은 본래 토축(土築)으로 조성되었지만 이후의 어느 시점에 석축(石築)으로 개축되어 현재에 이르고 있다.