• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.37-57
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• 2022

Using I-band images of 35 nearby (z < 0.1) type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) obtained with Hubble Space Telescope, selected from the 70-month Swift-BAT X-ray source catalog, we investigate the photometric properties of the host galaxies. With a careful treatment of the point-spread function (PSF) model and imaging decomposition, we robustly measure the I-band brightness and the effective radius of bulges in our sample. Along with black hole (BH) mass estimates from single-epoch spectroscopic data, we present the relation between BH mass and I-band bulge luminosity (M_BH-M_I,bul relation) of our sample AGNs. We find that our sample lies offset from the M_BH-M_I,bul relation of inactive galaxies by 0.4 dex, i.e., at a given bulge luminosity, the BH mass of our sample is systematically smaller than that of inactive galaxies. We also demonstrate that the zero point offset in the M_BH-M_I,bul relation with respect to inactive galaxies is correlated with the Eddington ratio. Based on the Kormendy relation, we find that the mean surface brightness of ellipticals and classical bulges in our sample is comparable to that of normal galaxies, revealing that bulge brightness is not enhanced in our sample. As a result, we conclude that the deviation in the M_BH-M_I,bul relation from inactive galaxies is possibly because the scaling factor in the virial BH mass estimator depends on the Eddington ratio.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.17.1-17.11
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• 2020

Background: To evaluate the facial asymmetry, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) has been used widely. This study proposed a method to quantify facial asymmetry based on 3D-CT. Methods: The normal standard group consisted of twenty-five male subjects who had a balanced face and normal occlusion. Five anatomical landmarks were selected as reference points and ten anatomical landmarks were selected as measurement points to evaluate facial asymmetry. The formula of facial asymmetry index was designed by using the distances between the landmarks. The index value on a specific landmark indicated zero when the landmarks were located on the three-dimensional symmetric position. As the asymmetry of landmarks increased, the value of facial asymmetry index increased. For ten anatomical landmarks, the mean value of facial asymmetry index on each landmark was obtained in the normal standard group. Facial asymmetry index was applied to the patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery. Preoperative facial asymmetry and postoperative improvement were evaluated. Results: The reference facial asymmetry index on each landmark in the normal standard group was from 1.77 to 3.38. A polygonal chart was drawn to visualize the degree of asymmetry. In three patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery, it was checked that the method of facial asymmetry index showed the preoperative facial asymmetry and the postoperative improvement well. Conclusions: The current new facial asymmetry index could efficiently quantify the degree of facial asymmetry from 3D-CT. This method could be used as an evaluation standard for facial asymmetry analysis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate multi-trait genetic parameters for somatic cell score (SCS), milk yield and type traits in Nigerian Dwarf (ND) goats from the United States. Methods: Data from 1,041 ND goats in the United States with kiddings in 95 herds were used to estimate multi-trait genetic parameters for SCS, milk (MILK), fat (FAT), and protein (PROT) yields, and 14 type traits. An 18-trait mixed linear animal model for lactation mean SCS (Log₂), MILK, FAT, PROT, and 14 type traits was applied. A factor analytic approach (FA1) in ASReml software was used to obtain convergence. Results: Averages for SCS were low (2.85±1.29 Log₂), and were 314±110.6, 20.9±7.4, and 14±4.9 kg, respectively, for MILK, FAT, and PROT. Heritabilities for SCS, MILK, FAT, and PROT were 0.32, 0.16, 0.16, and 0.10, respectively. The highest heritabilities for type traits were for stature (0.72), teat diameter (0.49), and rump width (0.48), and the lowest estimates were for dairyness (0.003) and medial suspensory ligament (0.03). Genetic correlations of SCS with MILK, FAT, and PROT were positive but low (0.25, 0.18, and 0.23, respectively). Genetic and phenotypic correlations between MILK, FAT, and PROT were high and positive (≥0.66). Absolute values of genetic correlations involving SCS with type traits were generally low or no different from zero. Most of the phenotypic correlations involving SCS with type traits were low. No serious unfavorable genetic correlations between milk yield traits and SCS or between milk yield traits or SCS and type traits were found. Conclusion: Genetic variation exists in the ND breed for most studied traits. The development of selection programs based on these estimates may help accelerate favorable multi-trait genetic changes in this breed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.525-537
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• 2021

Black ices on road surfaces in winter tend to cause severe and terrible accidents. It is very difficult to detect black ice events in advance due to their localities as well as sensitivities to surface and upper meteorological variables. This study develops a methodology to detect the road sections vulnerable to black ice with the use of road surface temperature data obtained from a mobile road weather observation vehicle. The 7 experiments were conducted on the route from Nam-Wonju IC to Nam-Andong IC (132.5 km) on the Jungang Expressway during the period from December 2020 to February 2021. Firstly, temporal road surface temperature data were converted to the spatial data with a 50 m resolution. Then, the spatial road surface temperature was normalized with zero mean and one standard deviation using a simple normalization, a linear de-trend and normalization, and a low-pass filter and normalization. The resulting road thermal map was calculated in terms of road surface temperature differences. A road ice index was suggested using the normalized road temperatures and their horizontal differences. Road sections vulnerable to black ice were derived from road ice indices and verified with respect to road geometry and sky view, etc. It was found that black ice could occur not only over bridges, but also roads with a low sky view factor. These results are expected to be applicable to the alarm service for black ice to drivers.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.285-301
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• 2023

This study analyzed characteristics of ozone (O₃) formation regimes in Busan over a period of recent five years (2015~2019) and compared the findings with those obtained in Seoul. We employed four observed variations: early morning commuting-hour (i.e., 06:00-09:00 LST) nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), peak-hour (i.e., 12:00-16:00 LST) O₃, 8-hour average O₃ (MDA8 O₃), and △O₃ (=O_{3_max}- O_{3_min}) in Busan and Seoul. In addition, the NO₂-O₃ relation was assessed to interpret which of NOx-limited or volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited was dominant. In Busan, the annual mean O₃ concentration was relatively higher than in Seoul, whereas there were fewer high-concentration days. The Pearson correlation coefficients (R) between Early morning-hour NO₂ and the Peak-hour O₃ was positive (but close to zero) in Busan and negative in Seoul. Likewise, the R between the Early morning-hour NO₂ and the △O₃ showed a relatively considerable positive correlation (R=+0.4~0.5)(R=+0.4~0.5) in Busan, while a weak positive correlation (R=+0.1~0.2) in Seoul. From this result, it can be inferred that the O₃ formation regime in Busan was intrepreted to be nearly neutral or relatively closer to the NO_x-limited regime than Seoul, while Seoul to the VOC-limited regime. The study findings imply that O₃ control strategies should be applied differently in Busan and Seoul. The results here were inferred from surface NO₂ and O₃ observations, and the varification studies based on in-situ VOCs measurements would be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.127-135
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• 2024

The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between compression wave velocity and porosity in unsaturated soil using a deep neural network (DNN) algorithm. Input parameters were examined using the error norm method to assess their impact on porosity. Compression wave velocity was conclusively found to have the most significant influence on porosity estimation. These parameters were derived through both field and laboratory experiments using a total of 266 numerical data points. The application of the DNN was evaluated by calculating the mean squared error loss for each iteration, which converged to nearly zero in the initial stages. The predicted porosity was analyzed by splitting the data into training and validation sets. Compared with actual data, the coefficients of determination were exceptionally high at 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. This study introduces a methodology for predicting dependent variables through error norm analysis by disregarding fewer sensitive factors and focusing on those with greater influence.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.329-340
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• 2009

For complex diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, it is believed that model-free methods might work better because they do not require a precise knowledge of the mode of inheritance controlling the disease trait. This is done by estimating the sharing probabilities that a pair shares zero, one, or two alleles identical by descent(IBD) and has some specific branches of test procedure, i.e., the mean test, the proportion test, and the minmax test. Among them, the minmax test is known to be more robust than others regardless of genetic mode of inheritance in current use. In this study, we compared the power of the methods which are based on minmax test and considering weighting schemes for sib-pairs to analyze sibship data. In simulation result, we found that the method based on Suarez' was more powerful than any others without respect to marker allele frequency, genetic mode of inheritance, sibship size. Also, The power of both Suarez- and Hodge-based methods was higher when marker allele frequency and sibship size were higher, and this result was remarkable in dominant mode of inheritance especially.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2012

Ground failure by liquefaction can occur not only during shaking but also as the result of the post-liquefaction process after an earthquake. During the process of ground deformation and failure, excess pore water pressure in soil is redistributed, which can then lead to changes in the effective stress of soils. Therefore, in order to provide a further understanding of the phenomenon, we have to estimate the properties of effective stress during the recompression process in post-liquefaction as well, not only the total amount of pore water drained. The primary objectives of this study are to determine and compare the recompression properties in the post-liquefaction process in terms of the relationship between volumetric strains and mean effective stresses under the various conditions of relative density and shear stress history. In all experimental cases, the volumetric strains increase greatly in the low effective stress level, almost to the zero zone, and granite soil, which has fine grains, undergoes gradual changes in the relationship between volumetric strains and mean effective stresses compared with fine sand. And, we can also find that recompression properties in the post-liquefaction process by cyclic loading depend highly on the dissipation energy and maximum shear strain, and this fact can be obtained in all cases regardless of the existence of fine content, relative density, and loading history. Especially, granite soil having fine grains can be defined uniformly in the relationship between dissipation energy and maximum volumetric strain, while fine sand cannot be so uniformly defined.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2018

In this paper, a scheme for the evaluation of variability in the eigen-modes of functionally graded material(FGM) beams is proposed within the framework of perturbation-based stochastic analysis. As a random parameter, the spatially varying elastic modulus of FGM along the axial direction at the mid-surface of the beam is chosen, and the thru-thickness variation of the elastic modulus is assumed to follow the original form of exponential variation. In deriving the formulation, the first order Taylor expansion on the eigen-modes is employed. As an example, a simply supported FGM beam having symmetric elastic modulus with respect to the mid-surface is chosen. Monte Carlo analysis is also performed to check if the proposed scheme gives reasonable outcomes. From the analyses it is found that the two schemes give almost identical results of the mean and standard deviation of eigen-modes. With the propose scheme, the standard deviation shape of respective eigen-modes can be evaluated easily. The deviated mode shape is found to have one more zero-slope points than the mother modes shapes, irrespective of order of modes. The amount of deviation from the mean is found to have larger values for the higher modes than the lower modes.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2000

Four clonal lines of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, were produced through gynogenesis, mixed before hatching and reared communally. After 10 months, a randomly taken sample was subjected to a standardized shallow water stressor. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were obtained from stressed and non-stressed fish. DNA fingerprinting was used to confirm the clonal nature of the organisms and to identified the clonal line to which each fish belonged. 1 observed significant differences between clona] lines mostly in the hematocrit and MCV measured under no-stress conditions. Such differences are suggested to represent mainly genetic variance, on account of the common environment provided to all the experimental groups. The stress response ratio was lower than expected, mainly due to some unexpectedly high non-stress values. Heritability values (h$^2$) were medium to high for the no-stress measurements (mean 0.238) and very low or zero for the stressed groups'traits (excepting one high value of 0.484). 1 conclude that the use of communally reared clonal lines represents a good tool for the characterization of the physiological traits, thus allowing for their utilization as genetic selection criteria.