• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2000

This study quantified the effects of urban greenspace on microclimate amelioration and atmospheric $CO_2$ reduction for several residential districts selected in Korea and Japan. The study also explored fire obstruction by urban trees to develop systematic planting guidelines. Transpiration by a Zelkova serrata tree (diameter at breast height: 15 cm) in a day of August equaled cooling effect of about 3 air conditioners running for 12 hours. Average air temperature for the growing season was 0.5$^{\circ}C$ and 1.2$^{\circ}C$ cooler, respectively, in districts with 12% and 22% cover of woody plants than in a district with no vegetation. Annual $CO_2$ uptake and $O_2$ production by woody plants were 3 times greater in a district which was 2 times higher in their cover. Woody plants played, in a district with their 22% cover, an important role through offsetting total $CO_2$ emission from the district by about 3% annually, and through producing 10% of annual $O_2$ requirement by all residents within the district. Appropriate planning strategies of residential greenspace, including species selection, planting layout, greenspace enlargement, and maintenance were suggested to improve microclimate amelioration, air purification, and fire obstruction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find proof for the hypothesis that the God tree of Chosun has been misrepresented in Chosun-Gersu-Nosu-Myungmokji (CGNM). The following results were obtained. First, it was established that 64 species and 3170 trees were recorded in CGNM. An old, big tree is classified as a God tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends about divine elements, and it is classified as a Noble tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends of historical elements. In total, 2632 trees of eight species were analyzed, from the Zelkova serrata, which has the greatest number of trees, to the eighth most frequent, Abies holophylla. The means of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and age of the God and the Noble trees were calculated for each of the eight species. In seven out of eight species, the DBH and age of the Noble tree were more than those of the God tree. In addition, the height of the Noble tree was more than that of the God tree in six out of eight species. The fact that the God tree is smaller than the Noble tree, contrary to the common expectation that the Noble tree is a small size tree, was confirmed. This hypothesis was proved by the data gathered. Second, the Japanese Government-General of Korea has pursued a policy to defeat the village ritual based on the God tree being linked with superstition. For such a policy, the God tree should be small and unattractive, and it would have been good for the tree to be superstitious. The CGNM was created as explanatory material or evidence for distorting the sacredness of the God tree of Chosun. Third, CGNM compiled a chronological order of DBH data to make it easy to explain the fabricated facts that the God tree of Chosun is smaller and dwarfed compared to the Noble tree.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of future countermeasures by diagnosing the growth status and actual condition of undesignated old trees distributed in Hyeongok-myeon, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The number of old trees surveyed was 2 weeks in Gajeong-ri, 2 weeks in Haguri, 3 weeks in Nae-Tae-ri, 1 week in Nawon-ri, 6 weeks in Oryu-ri, 3 weeks in Sangguri, and 2 weeks in Sohyeon-ri, The trees species composition was 6 trees Celtis sinensis Pers., 1 Diospyros lotus L. trees, 4 trees Salix chaenomeloides Kimura trees, 2 Styphnolobium japonicum L. trees, and 7 Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino trees. Growth status is 7.1~22.0m in height, 14.6~25.1m in long axis, 10.2~19.2m in short axis, root diameter is 76.0~236.4cm, diamter at breast height is 67.0~220.0cm, soil acidity is pH4.9~7.0, soil The hardness was measured to be 4.0-27.0mm. The result grade of the scoring data of health information is represented by monitoring generally, monitoring critically, and absolute monitoring, and it was confirmed that out of the 20 trees population in Hyeongok-myeon, the general monitoring grade was 7 weeks, the major monitoring grade was 13 weeks, and there was no absolute monitoring grade. Accordingly, the number of old trees of the general surveillance level was maintained at the current level, and ecological surgical operations were introduced for the major surveillance level, but the case of village forests should be different, and sequential treatments were the old tree urgently needed. The level and bark of the target tree, the state of the crown, the root exposure, the presence of pests and pests, the vitality and the ground condition, the degree of pollution are normal, poor, or very poor, operation and protection management, soil improvement, removal of cover, and disinfection were urgently needed for the old trees with the surveyed data. In order to compensate for these matters, continuous monitoring and management measures for the old number should be sought.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2016

The objective of this paper is to develop volume equation of street tree and its carbon stock for urban forest in Seoul. To develop the volume equation by major species in Seoul, data for street trees were obtained from four-species (e.g. Gingko biloba, Platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides), which accounted for 79% all street trees in Seoul. This study used a variable based on diameter on breast height and four equation for calculating volume. The coefficient of determination, bias, and root mean square error were used to evaluate the precision of four equations. From these methods, the most suitable equations for Platanus occidentalis was aDb, the other was aD+bD2; coefficient of determination upper on 0.873. From the volume equation developed in this research, the estimated carbon stock were derived as about 33,760tC for four-species of urban forest in Seoul. The results of this paper offered volume equation and carbon stock that present growth information for street trees in urban forestry and these can be made available for evaluating the management for carbon in settlement.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1437-1449
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether pervious and impervious areas in urban areas affect tree growth. In order to determine the differences in the growth of six species of trees planted simultaneously, the effects of pervious and impervious surfaces on tree growth were analyzed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) produced using Sentinel-2 and sub-divided land cover map from the Ministry of Environment. For this purpose, the Geospatial eXplainable Artificial Intelligence(GeoXAI) concept was applied. As a result of the analysis, the explanatory power of the model was found to be the best when considering the area of land cover included in the 10m range for Pinus densiflora, the 20 m range for Zelkova Serrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Ginkgo biloba, the 30 m range for Platanus occidentalis, and the 40 m range for Yoshino cherry trees. In addition, the wider the pervious area, the more active the growth of trees,showing a positive correlation, and the wider the impervious area, such as nearby artificial ground, showed a negative correlation with tree growth. This shows that surrounding pervious and impervious areas affect the growth of trees and that the scope of influence varies depending on the tree species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.82-95
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• 2014

This study aims to draw up measures to planting tree and maintain a landscape in traditional space. Preceding comprehensive theoretical consideration of selected species of trees and tree maintenance. And analysis of present condition of planting in cases of Gwanghalluwon Garden, then draw a maintenance plans of planting through species of trees and landscape of planting recorded in literature. The results were as follows. First, Analysis of selected species of trees and tree maintenance that traditional space. A dispute about the selection species of trees in traditional space has been continued until today. Because unconditional reject of foreign trees are limited. In this context, should be sublated that hasty blind faith of records and dichotomous preparation plans such as removal of foreign trees and implicitly planting of native plants. Secondly, Planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden was investigated and found to the species of trees used in traditional space such as Pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Sawleaf Zelkova(Zelkova serrata), Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba), Crape Myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica L.). But, present planting irrelevant to traditional space, except Gwanghallu pavilion area from the spatiality. Thirdly, A look at the records or literature that maintenance of planting through historical research are limited. Because literature was recorded Salix spp., Crape Myrtle, Bambusoideae(Pseudosasa japonica), lotus only among planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden. Fourth, Gwanghallu zone have nature of history and sense of place. And It was going to restore the appearance on historical. Consequently maintenance plan of planting of Gwanghallu zone should be maintain the current state. Wanwol pavillion zone can be recognized as the original form because they look similar to the Gwangallu zone's buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the sense of place different from Gwanghallu zone by buffer planting for composition of transition space. Wolmaejip zone and lawn zone was marketplace in outside of castle and large forest. Accordingly, this area should be symbolic restoration of the Yulrim(栗林) and representation of the marketplace in outside of castle through aggregation of facilities and administrative facilities in Gwanghalluwon garden. East lawn of the Wanwol pavilion zone is should be maintained the current state that opened place in terms of using thought linked with the Wanwol pavilion zone. Boundary zone of the Gwanghalluwon garden is difficult to associate in terms of historical research and authenticity. Therefore, application of cultural landscape that appeared in literature is be worth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Greenspace enlargement through proper landscape planting is essential to creating a low carbon society. This study analyzed changes in stem diameter growth rates(DGR), ratios of below ground/above ground biomass(B/A), and carbon sequestration by age of major landscape tree species. Landscape trees for study were 11 species and 112 individuals planted in middle region of Korea. The DGR and B/A were analyzed based on data measured through a direct harvesting method including root digging. The carbon sequestration by tree age was estimated applying the derived regression models. The annual DGR at breast height of trees over 30 years averaged 0.72 cm/yr for deciduous species and 0.83 cm/yr for evergreen species. The B/A of the trees over 30 years averaged 0.23 for evergreen species and 0.40 for deciduous species, about 1.7 times higher than evergreen species. The B/A by age in this study did not correspond to the existing result that it decreased as tree ages became older. Of the study tree species, cumulative carbon sequestration over 25 years was greatest with Zelkova serrata(198.3 kg), followed by Prunus yedoensis(121.7 kg), Pinus koraiensis(117.5 kg), and Pinus densiflora (77.4 kg) in that order. The cumulative carbon sequestration by Z. serrata offset about 5% of carbon emissions per capita from household electricity use for the same period. The growth rates and carbon sequestration for landscape trees were much greater than those for forest trees even for the same species. Based on these results, landscape planting and management strategies were explored to improve carbon sequestration, including tree species selection, planting density, and growth ground improvement. This study breaks new ground in discovering changes in growth and carbon sequestration by age of landscape trees and is expected to be useful in establishing urban greenspaces towards a low carbon society.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the soil salinity and salt spray drift of the indigenous windbreak trees, and its main purpose was to provide basic data for the selection of salt-tolerant trees in the saline coastal region in the South Sea of Korea. The soil salinity($EC_{1:5}$)was $0.18dSm^{-1}$, which was an average degree of the whole areas of investigation whose salinity degree ranged from $0.05dSm^{-1}$ to $0.58dSm^{-1}$. The level of soil salinity gradually decreased as it moved farther inland, except the belt I. The level of decreasing soil salinity was found to be in the following order: belt II, belt III, belt I, belt IV. The degree of soil salinity was $EC_{1:5}$ $0.22dSm_{1:5}$, $0.22dSm_{1:5}$ $0.19dSm^{-1}$ and $0.13dSm^{-1}$ respectively. The total 110 taxa, which consisted of 45 families, 74 genus, 101 species, and 9 varieties, were found to be tolerant to both soil salinity and salt spray drift. The trees that grow in the highest degree of salinity($EC_{1:5}$ $0.50dSm^{-1}$)were Parthenocissus tricuspidata(Siebold & Zucc.), Planch and Lonicera japonica Thunb. The next group of trees that grow in the high degree of salinity ranging from $EC_{1:5}$ 0.41 to $0.50dSm^{-1}$ was Cudrania tricuspidata(Carr.) Bureau ex Lavall$\acute{e}$e, Rubus parvifolius L., Zanthoxylum schinifolium(Siebold & Zucc.), Hedera rhombea(Miq.) Bean., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Quercus serrata Thunb., Callicarpa dichotoma(Lour.) K. Koch, and so on. The woody species which grew in the entire belts were Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi and Vitis flexuosa Thunb., and Vitex rotundifolia L. f. which was known to be highly tolerant to salt spray drift was found only in belt I. The woody species with high important value(IV) were Zelkova serrata(Thunb.) Makino., Celtis sinensis Pers., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann, Mallotusjaponicus(Thunb.) Muell. Arg., Trachelospermum asiaticum(Siebold & Zucc.) NAKAI, and Pueraria lobata(Willd.) Ohwi. These species were classified as native windbreak trees that are comparatively more tolerant to salt spray drift than other kinds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

This study was carried out to improve planting and use of landscape plants in Gangwon-do. The designated plants by schools and cities in Gangwon-do were surveyed and then compared with the planted trees on streets, public parks, schools, etc. in 2009. There were 45 tree species and 43 flower species designated as school trees and school flowers at 632 schools in Gangwon-do. The majority of school tree species were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus thunbergii. The ratio of native species to exotic was 35:10. The majority of school flower species Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, Zinnia elegans, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Rosa rugosa. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 22:21. There were 12 flower species and 7 tree species designated as city trees and city flowers in 18 cities and guns. The high frequency flower species were Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Forsythia koreana, Magnolia sieboldii, and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu. The high frequency tree species were Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, and Taxus cuspidata. There were 87 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 619,835 landscape plants were planted in Youngseo region (western part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 56:31. The majority of landscape trees planted were Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sargentii, Comus officinalis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana, Zellkova serrata, Acer triflorum, Rhododendron obutusum, and Ligustrum obtusifolium A in 2009. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 64:36. There were 77 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 914,668 landscape plants were planted in Youngdong region (eastern part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic was 52:25. The major landscape trees planted were Pinus thunbergii, Rhododendron lateritium, Rhododendron schlippenenbachii, Hibiscus syriacus, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus densiflora, Syringa dilatata, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rosa rugosa, Prunus sargentii, Rosa centifolia, Juniperus chinensis, Euonymus japonica, Forsythia koreana, Chionanthus retusus, Acer palmatum, and Chaenomeles sinensis. The results indicate that landscape plants need to be diverse in species in each region of Gangwon-do. Selection of suitable plants for each region and the use of native species need to be emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the environment factors including community structure and soil characteristics in the wild habitats of Cephalotaxus koreana, and offers the basic information for habitats conservation and restoration. Most of the wild habitats were located at altitudes between 148~835 m with inclinations ranged as $12{\sim}32^{\circ}$. The average soil pH was 4.7~5.9, soil organic matter was 5.72~15.99%, cation exchange capacity was $14.1{\sim}19.9cmolc/kg^{-1}$ and exchangeable $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ was 0.25~0.48 cmolc/kg, 0.79~6.68 cmolc/kg, 0.31~1.73 cmolc/kg, respectively. The dominant species of tree layer were found to be dominated by Quercus dentata in Jekbo-san (C1), Acer pictum in Bogae-san (C2), Acer pseudosieboldianum in Geumwon-san (C3), Q. serrata in Jiri-san (C4), Zelkova serrata in Baegun-san (C5), and Q. acutissima in Duryun-san (C6). The Species diversity (H') was 0.854~1.234, evenness (J') was 0.654~0.993, and dominance (D) was found to be 0.067~0.346. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, community structure and value of species diversity shows that growth of Cephalotaxus koreana is correlated with species diversity and evenness. This result show that Cephalotaxus koreana habitats located in mature stands.