• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 2019

Background: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim pharmacopuncture on disuse muscle atrophy in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Methods: Thirty male 250 g Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed randomly into 3 groups. The left hindlimb immobilization was performed with casting tape for 2 weeks, and no treatment was given to the right hindlimb. Rats received pharmacopuncture and were injected daily on the BL57 with either 2 mL of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim aqueous extract (ZM-W group), 1 mL pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim ethanol extract (ZM-E group), or 2 mL normal saline (control group). After 2 weeks of immobilization, the weight of the whole gastrocnemius muscle was measured, and the morphology of both the left and the right gastrocnemius muscles were assessed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. To investigate the immobilization-induced muscular apoptosis, the immunohistochemical analysis of BAX and Bcl-2 was carried out. Results: ZM-W and ZM-E significantly inhibited the reduction in weight of the left gastrocnemius muscle, the reduction in the left myofibrils, and the cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius, as compared with the control. Moreover, the ZM-W and ZM-E groups showed significantly reduced immunoreactivity for BAX, and increased immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in left gastrocnemius muscle compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim pharmacopuncture has protective effects against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by regulating the activity of apoptosis-associated BAX / Bcl-2 proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate analgesic effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZM) pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pains in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and ICR-mice. Methods : The subjects were divided 8 weeks aged rats with constant pain sensitivity into five groups; normal (treated with normal saline at Taegye (KI3) and before injected with normal saline at hindpaw), Con-1 (treated with normal saline at KI3 before injected with formalin at hindpaw), Lido-1 (treated with lidocaine at KI3), ZMWG-1 (treated with Hot water extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3), ZMEG-1 (treated with ethanol extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3). After 35 minutes, we measured ultrasonic vocalization (USV) and enzyme activities of both Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rat serum. In addition, Tail flick test is performed by injecting ICR mice at 5 weeks of age. And it classified into 4 groups (Con-2, Lido-2, ZMWG-2, ZMEG-2) according to the kind of drug (normal saline, lidocaine, ZMW, ZME). After each drug injection, we examined the reaction by placing the tail in water at $50^{\circ}C$. Results : ZME had analgesic effects in the early and late phase of USV during the formalin test. There were no significant differences between ZMEG-1 and Lido-1 in early and late phase of USV. Also, No significant differences observed in serum AST and ALT activity in ZMWG-1 and ZMEG-1 compared with Con-1. For tail-flick test, analgesic effect on warmth significantly increased in Lido-2 and ZMEG-2 compare to that of Con-2. Conclusion : ZME pharmacopuncture had analgesic effects on formalin-induced pain without liver toxicity. Also, tail-flick test suggest that ZME pharmacopuncture could be useful technique on analgesic effect on warmth and treatment of pains.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

Objectives : This study aims to examine validity of the following guideline for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium in the Korean Pharmacopoeia regarding foreign materials: "the seeds of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium that are mixed should not exceed 20%." Methods : Varied compliance guidelines for and original plants of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium across countries were compared and contrasted. In order to do this, pharmacopoeias from a number of different countries including Korea were used as references. Results : The weights including seed parts were Z. piperitum 3.48g, Z. schinifolium 2.94g, and Z. bungeanum 2.16g; while the weights of peel parts were Z. piperitum 1.45g, Z. schinifolium 1.69g, and Z. bungeanum 0.98g. In terms of weight, Z. piperitum was the heaviest with its entire part including the seed, whereas Z. schinifolium was the heaviest with its peel part. The proportions of each seed in the whole part were Z. piperitum 58.33%, Z. schinifolium 42.52%, and Z. bungeanum 54.63%. Considering these figures, including seed parts in the guideline up to 20% is inappropriate; however, this guideline is inevitable in order to use seed parts for medicinal purpose. Conclusion : In this article, the author argues if any changes were to made on the guideline for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium with respect to foreign materials - "the seeds of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium that are mixed should not exceed 20%" - its seed part should firsthand be separated from its peel part and be designated as one kind of medicine. Then, revisions on the foreign materials compliance guidelines for Zanthoxyli Pericarpium should also be made.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2015

Objectives : Due to the morphological similarity of the pericarp and description of multi-species in National Pharmacopoeia of Korea and China, the Zanthoxylum Pericarpium is difficult to authenticate adulterant in species levels. Therefore, we introduced the sequence analysis of DNA barcode and identification of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) to establish a reliable tool for the distinction of Zanthoxylum Pericarpium from its adulterants. Methods : To analyze DNA barcode region, genomic DNA was extracted from twenty-four specimens of authentic Zanthoxylum species and inauthentic adulterant and the individual internal transcribed spacer regions (rDNA-ITS and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene were amplified using ITS1, ITS2-S2F, and ITS4 primer. For identification of species-specific sequences, a comparative analysis was performed using entire DNA barcode sequences. Results : In comparison of four Zanthoxylum ITS2 sequences, we identified 16, 4, 6, and 4 distinct species-specific nucleotides enough to distinguish Z. schinifolium, Z. bungeanum, Z. piperitum, and Z. simulans, respectively. The sequence differences were available genetic marker to discriminate four species. Futhermore, phylogenetic relationship revealed a clear classification between different Zanthoxylum species showing 4 different clusters. These results indicated that comparative analysis of ITS2 DNA barcode was an useful genetic marker to authenticate Zanthoxylum Pericarpium in species levels. Conclusions : The marker nucleotides, enough to distinguish Z. schinifolium, Z. piperitum, Z. bungeanum, and Z. simulans, were obtained at 30 SNP marker nucleotides from ITS2 sequences. These differences could be used to authenticate official Zanthoxylum Pericarpium from its adulterants as well as discriminating each four species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.28-39
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the rehabilitation measures and select appropriate tree species and rehabilitation methods for rehabilitating the rock desert areas in Guizhou, China. The study was carried out during the periods from 2003 to 2006 and results are as follows. Afforestation site is classified as a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland by soil type and rock desertification status. Total afforestation area of Xuiwen is 1,300ha and afforestation area of a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland are respectively 104.0ha (8.0%), 146.6ha (11.3%), 200.5ha (15.4%), 705.7ha (54.3%) and 143.2ha (11.0%). Planted tree species were selected by five site types. Robinia pseudoacacia, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus duclouxiana and Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis were planted in a dolomite sandstone hilly country and Choerospondias axillaris and Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in a halfstony hilly country. Cupressus duclouxiana, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Ilex kudincila, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum bodinieri were planted in a karst physiognomy. Cupressus duclouxiana, Toona sinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex kudincha. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Magnolia officinalis were planted in a rock desertification farmland. Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Juglans sinensis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Choerospondias axillaris, Prunus salicina and Diospyros Kaki was planted in an latent rock desertification farm land. Robinia pseudoacacia showed high survival rate in 2004 and 2005, but Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Cinnamomum camphora showed slightly low survival rate in 2004. Survival rate of planting species in 2005 was over 80% because some species which showed low survival in 2004 were changed with other species and a proper afforestation method was applied. Growth rate of tree species was evaluated by height and diameter growth rate. Cupressus duclouxiana showed a highest height growth rate in 2004. Toona sil1ensis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, and Cinnamomum camphora showed almost 100% height growth rate in 2005, although they showed a negative height growth rate in 2004. Robinia pseudoacacia showed a good growth rate in the rock desertification farmland and the halfstony hilly country so it could give a commercial benefit like honey as well as an afforestation effect.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2003

When the extract of the medicinal plants, Kaempferia galanga L., Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Foeniculum vulgare, was added to Naengmyeon broth with the concentration of 0.1% and 0.3% each, its effect during the preservation time of broth was investigated. pH of the extract-added broth was lower than control at the initial, but higher after 72 hours of preservation, which showed that when it added 0.1% and 0.3% of extract to the broth, pH of Kaempferia galanga L. was 4.92 and 5.08 respectively, whereas control was 4.60. Titratable acidity was lowered after 48 hours and also Kaempferia galanga L. showed the lowest acidity with 0.66 for adding 0.1% of its extract and 0.55 for 0.3% of adding, but control was 0.89 at the time of 90 hours of preservation, and then it showed to be lowered in the order of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Foeniculum vuigare. Turbidity of each broth added the extracts of four of the medicinal plants was 7.5∼7.9 and 7.9∼8.2, respectively for 0.1% and 0.3% of concentration at the initial, but it began to lower and 90 hours later it was 8.8∼9.5 and 8.7∼9.0 respectively, whereas control was 10.8. Total viable cells(TVC) and coliform bacteria(CB) were increased with great at the 72 hours of preservation time, and Kaempferia galanga L. was the most effective, which when control was 4.8${\times}$10 CFU/ml at 72 hours, TVC was 1.7${\times}$10 CFU/ml for the addition of 0.1% of extract and 0.9${\times}$10 CFU/ml for 0.3%. CB was 3.2${\times}$10 CFU/ml for 0.1% and 1.7${\times}$10 CFU/ml for 0.3% respectively and 6.0 ${\times}$ 10 CFU/ml for control at the time of 72 hours, and it was lowered in the order of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Foeniculum vulgare. Volatile basic nitrogen content detected that control was 2.67mg% at first, and then increased to 3.96mg% at 90 hours of preservation, but the broth added with the extract of Kaempferia galanga L. was 2.58mg% for 0.1% and 2.47mg% for 0.3% at the initial, and at 90 hours it was 3.64mg% and 3.33mg% respectively. The results of adding the extracts of four medicinal plants for the improvement of the preservation time of Naengmyeon broth, were that the most effective medicinal plant was Kaempferia galanga L. and the antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plant extracts for Naengmyeon broth was highly effective after 3 days of preservation time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.374-382
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• 2011

The origin of Korean traditional food's spicy taste dates back to the first telling of the Dangun myth-a story of a tiger and bear who tried to reincarnate themselves in human form by eating garlic and wormwood. For a long time, Koreans have eaten spicy vegetables such as green onion, garlic, ginger, mustard, leeks, corni, cinnamon bark, and Chinese peppers (Zanthoxylum schinfolium) and Zanthoxylum bungeanum. In prehistoric times, spicy vegetables were probably used to eliminate the smell of meat. In the agricultural age, they were used to supplement meals with fresh taste. They were also used as a substitute for salt (salt was very precious and expensive) as well as side dishes for the poor. Spicy vegetables have also been used as a substitute for main dish like medicinal gruel and used to increase the spiciness of soup, and they are usually used as a side dish and with condiments in namul (cooked vegetable dishes), sangchae (salad), ssam (wrapped in greens and garnished with red-pepper paste or other condiments) and Kimchi. In addition, chili pepper was introduced to the Korean Peninsula in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty (mid-15th, 16th century). The soil and climate of the Korean Peninsula are suitable to growing chili pepper, and chili pepper has excellent adaptability and productivity. Accordingly, it is processed to red pepper powder and has become a major part of traditional Korean food along with Chinese pepper. Since the Joseon Dynasty, many kinds of Kimchi made with red pepper powder have been developed, and most Koreans enjoy them these days. The main characteristics of Korean food are spiciness and honest-to-goodness taste.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.180-188
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the analysis of environmental change (forest resources and soil water conservation by land types) after planting for prevention of between 2003 and 2006 from the stone hazarding areas in Guizhou province, China. Mean diameter growth of the trees was highest for Melia azedarach, followed by Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Choerospondias axillaris, Cupressus duclouxiana, and Eucommia uimoides Oliv. Mean height growth of the trees was greatest for R. pseudoacacia, followed by Ilex kudincha, M. azedarach, C. duclouxiana, C. axillaris, E. uimoides Oliv, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, and L. fulvotomentosa. Tree biomass was greater at the afforestation sites by 1.22-1.71 ton/ha compared to that of severely eroded mountain areas. The capacities of soil water conservation by land types were 2,790 ton/ha at latent rock desertification farmland, 2,655 ton/ha at rock desertification farmland, 1,680 ton/ha at dolomite sandstone hilly country, 1,650 ton/ha at halfstony hilly country, and 1,590 ton/ha at karst physiognomy site. Soil erosion was estimated to be 1,285 ton/$km^2$ which had been 2,178 ton/$km^2$ before afforestation. Also, we should be continuative manage after planting for prevention of the stone hazarding areas in Guizhou province, China.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2004

The activities of antioxidation and alcohol dehydrogenase in hibitionin methanol extracts of thirty two medical herbs were tested using the method of DPPH activity, nitrite scavenging effect and alcohol dehydrogenase assay in vitro. In DPPH method, Eugenia caryophyllata, Thea sinensis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Alnus japonica showed over 90 % of free radical scavenging activities. The nitrite scavenging ability appeared Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Alnus japonica, Thea sinensis, Hovenia dulcis(cortex) and Illicium verum showed the high value. In connection with in vivo alcohol metabolism, thirteen medicinal herbs were screened for inhibition. As a reasult, we found significant inhibition of ADH by methanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pueraria thunbergiana(radix), Alnus japonica. These results indicate that the antioxidative effect was strongly related with alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor; Thea sinensis and Alnus japonica.