• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

In this study, the antioxidative effect and protective potential against oxidative damage of extract and fractions from broccoli were investigated under in vitro and cellular system. The methanol (MeOH) extracts of broccoli flowers and sprouts were partitioned as dichloromethane, n-butanol (BuOH) and aqueous fractions. The comparison of antioxidative effect of broccoli flowers and sprouts showed that broccoli sprouts exerted the more effective protective activity from 2,2'-azobis (2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress in LLC-$PK_1$ porcine renal epithelial cell. In addition, the extract and fractions from broccoli sprouts showed strong scavenging effect of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and the BuOH fraction exerted the strongest activity. Therefore, the BuOH fraction was evaluated as the most active fraction with strong radical scavenging activity among the fractions of broccoli flowers and sprouts. The present study suggests the antioxidative potential against free radical-induced oxidative damage of flowers and sprouts of broccoli. In addition, the BuOH fraction of broccoli is considered as the active fraction with antioxidative effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2016

Barley (Hardeum vulgare L.) sprout has received much attention in recent years as a functional food in many countries, especially in Korea and Japan. It has been reported that barley sprouts are comprised of 52.6% polysaccharides, 34.1% proteins, and 4.97% fats, along with a variety of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extracts of barley sprouts. We examined the inhibitory effect of barley sprout extracts (BSE) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. BSE contains high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids and exhibits potent anti-oxidative activity, as depicted by the DPPH radical-scavenging experiment. The concentration of total phenols was 17.55 μg/ml, and flavonoids, 13.98 μg/ml. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of BSE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and PGE₂ production, which had increased as a result of treatment with LPS, were significantly inhibited by BSE in a dose-dependent manner. BSE also significantly suppressed LPS-induced production of NO, and this was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 proteins. These results indicate that barley sprouts may be a highly valuable natural product owing to its high-quality functional components as well as its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Lateral roots of soybean sprouts should deeply affect their quality and marketability. The study was done to compare the effects of ocher, chitosan, corn kennel, tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into their 10% solutions and cultured for 6 days. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyl lengths;>7 cm (A), 4 to 7 cm (B), < 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Composition rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. This results was the most distinct in hard rubber tree leaf extracts (HRTLE) of the five treatments. In HRTLE treatment, lateral root formation rate were formed in almost of Sowonkong although reduced in order of Pungsannamulkong and Junjery. However, there was no significant difference between the other treatments. Lateral roots per sprout were the lowest in HRTLE treatment of the 5 treatments. In all treatments except the chitosan treatment, the roots were most formed in Sowonkong but least in Junjery. Sprout length adding hypocotyl and root was the shortest in Junjery compared to the other two cultivars. and was the longest in tea leaf extract treatment but the shortest in HRTLE treatment. The result in total fresh weight of sprouts was similar to that of the sprout length.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2013

The study was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity for the extract from 7 days old sprouts of cowpea (cv. "Seowon"), mungbean (cv. "Owool") and soybean (cv. "Pungsannamulkong"). Sprout length and weight of soybean sprouts were higher than those of cowpea and mungbean sprouts. Total phenolics content [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was highest in soybean sprout extracts (82.2 mg $kg^{-1}$), followed by cowpea (32.2 mg $kg^{-1}$) and mungbean (24.5 mg $kg^{-1}$) sprout extracts (p < 0.05). The result of total flavonoid level [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] had same tendency to the total phenolics, showing lower amounts. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the plant dose-dependently increased. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was higher in cowpea (44%) and mungbean (42%) sprouts than in soybean sprouts (25%). Among antioxidant enzymes, APX and POX activities were highest in cowpea sprouts and CAT and SOD activities in soybean sprouts. The results showed that total phenolics content ($r^2$ = 0.5320 ~ 0.9032) and total flavonoids level ($r^2$ = 0.4672 ~ 0.9380) were highly correlated with antioxidant or with antioxidant enzyme activity, and that the level and activity of biologically active substances were different depending on plant species.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 2014

Common cruciferous vegetables, kohlabi (Brassica oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus), contain phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and carotenoids. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of kohlrabi sprout extract (KSE) and radish sprout extract (RSE). The total carotenoid and glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $39.50{\pm}0.67$ and $76.73{\pm}2.75mg/g$, respectively. The total glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $2.65{\pm}0.02$ and $8.13{\pm}0.54mg/g$, respectively. The in vitro-antioxidative activities of KSE and RSE were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-carotene and glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE, especially RSE, can be used in the treatment of obesity and as a natural source of antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Soybean sprouts presoaked to leaf extracts were on sale as taking a growing concern about wellbeing foods. The study was carried out to compare the effects of culture period after presoaking tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into 10% solutions immediately before 5, 6 and 7 day cultures. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyllengths; >7 cm (A),4 to 7 cm (B),< 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. Similar results to that of A were observed between the three cultivars in sprout length including hypocotyl and root, diameters in middle and hook parts of hypocotyl, total fresh and dry weights. Regardless of tea and hard rubber tree leaf extract treatments, longer culture periods increased rate of A due to decrements of B, C and D, and also did the growth and the morphological characters mentioned above. Although longer culture periods reduced the increment of lateral roots, the latter treatment was more delayed in their formation and less in the roots per sprout than the former one. The growth and the morphological characters above were less in the latter treatment than in the former one in general, meaning that hard rubber tree leaf extract could more repress growth of soybean sprouts than tea leaf extract.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.977-984
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• 2018

This study aimed to enhance rutin contents by controlling germination condition for manufacturing buckwheat sprouts. Two kinds of buckwheat, a common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and a tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertner) were used. By comparing the rutin content of two buckwheats, tartary buckwheat was 487 ppm, about 36 times higher than common buckwheat. Both common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat which germinated and grew under the light had higher rutin content relatively. In case of tartary buckwheat, rutin content of over 10 cm sprout was 4,579 ppm (without the light), and 5,160 ppm (with the light). Furthermore, tartary buckwheat was germinated and grew under different light strengths from 2,000 to 22,000 Lux. The rutin contents of tartary buckwheat sprout that was grown under the 22,000 Lux light was the highest. The rutin content was increased dramatically at 14,000 Lux of light. From 14,000 to 22,000 Lux, there was a little change on rutin content. Therefore, the condition of 14,000 Lux light was determined optimal for manufacturing tartary buckwheat sprouts. Also, rutin contents of extracts treated with 60, 70, 80 and $90^{\circ}C$ during different time had no significant difference. Therefore, rutin of tartary buckwheat sprout extract had thermostability up to $90^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.775-780
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• 2011

We investigated the changes in antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme I (ACE) inhibitory activity in different parts of 'Ilpum' (Oryza sativa L.) rough rice before and after germination. Rough rice, either before or after germination, were separated into hull, brown rice, or sprout, and then extracted with distilled water and 70% ethanol. After germination, the total polyphenol contents of the distilled water extract of the brown rice was higher than before germination (5.84 and 1.67 mg/g, respectively). The DPPH radical scavenging activity on the unseparated rough rice ethanol extract increased from 22.95% before germination to 31.32% after germination, but it decreased in both the hull and brown rice extracts. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was highest in the sprout extract with a value of 4.41 mg AA eq/g. The reducing power of the brown rice ethanol extract increased from 0.32 before germination to 0.45 after germination. The ACE inhibitory activity of the in hull ethanol extract increased after germination. These results indicate that antioxidant capacity increases in the hull and sprout after germination could be considered having significant health benefits.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.223-226
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• 2014

In the fermented soybean product known as "chungkookjang", diverse bioactive compounds are produced when the soybean proteins are degraded during fermentation. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are crucial in vein function and the formation of new vessels. A treatment to stimulate formation of new blood vessels is needed in cerebrovascular diseases that lead to ischaemic stroke and heart attack, as well as for diabetic ulcers. VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) simulates EC formation. The effect of Chungkookjang ethanol extract (CEE) on the proliferation of EC was studied. CEE (100, $1000{\mu}g/ml$) and boiled CEE were as effective as VEGF (10 ng/ml) for the proliferation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). The effect of CEE on the migration of HUVEC was investigated using sprout analysis. CEE ($100{\mu}g/ml$) was as effective as VEGF (10 ng/ml) for the migration of HUVEC. Isolation of specific peptides influencing the growth and migration of EC is needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1101-1108
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• 2020

Tartary buckwheat is a grain with many flavonoids, such as rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. This study aimed to optimize extraction conditions to maximize the rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents of tartary buckwheat sprout extracts using response surface methodology. A BoxBehnken design containing 15 experiments was employed to evaluate the effects of extraction conditions, such as temperature (X1, 50~70℃), extraction time (X2, 5~9 hr), and ethanol concentration (X3, 60~90%). The coefficients of determination (R2) for all the dependent variables (extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraction ethanol concentration) were determined to be over 0.95, indicating significance. The p-value of the model in lack of fit was over 0.1 than means, indicating that the model was well predicted. The optimal extraction conditions for rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents were obtained at X1 = 51.03, X2 = 6.62, and X3 = 69.16, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents were 808.467 ㎍/ml, 193.296 ㎍/ml, and 37.360 ㎍/ml, respectively. For the validation of the model, ten experiments were performed and the experimental rutin and quercetin contents were measured at 802.84±8.49 ㎍/ml, 193.76±2.80 ㎍/ml, and 34.84±0.43 ㎍/ml, respectively. The experimental rutin and quercetin contents were similar to the predicted contents, but the experimental myricetin content was lower than predicted.