• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.16 no.4 s.94
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• pp.317-322
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• 2007

In order to investigate the cause and condition of fluting in tangential bending of low carbon steel sheet, an analytic analysis, an experiment and a series of finite element analysis for bending process were done. The fluting in bended sheet was related with the yield point elongation of material. Due to the yield point elongation, unstable plastic hinge was occurred in course of bending of elastic perfectly plastic sheet. According to the analysis and computational results, lower yield point elongation than 5% was required to prevent fluting in 0.5-0.6t sheet in $15{\sim}25mm$ radius bending. The tendency of fluting occurrence was reduced as decreasing the radius of bending, increasing thickness of bended sheet, and removing irregularity in sheet and bending processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.336-339
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• 2007

In order to investigate the cause of fluting in tangential bending of low carbon steel sheet, an analytic analysis, an experiment and a series of finite element analysis for bending process were done. The fluting in bended sheet was due to the yield point elongation of material. Due to the yield point elongation, unstable plastic hinge was occurred in course of bending of elastic perfectly plastic sheet. According to the analysis and computational results, lower yield point elongation than 5% was required to prevent fluting in $0.5{\sim}0.6t$ sheet in $15{\sim}20mm$ radius bending.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.598-604
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• 2010

Tensile tests are widely used for evaluating mechanical properties of materials including flow curves as well as Young's modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, and yield point elongation. This research aims at analyzing the plastic flow behavior of high strength steels for automotive bodies using the finite element method in conjunction with the viscoplastic model considering the yield point elongation phenomenon. The plastic flow behavior of the high strength steel was successfully predicted, by considering an operating deformation mechanism, in terms of normalization dislocation density, and strain hardening and accumulative damage of high strength steel using the modified constitutive model. In addition, the finite element method is employed to track the properties of the high strength steel pertaining to the deformation histories in a skin pass mill process.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2023

A wide range of grain size was achieved in a Fe-Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steel (STS) by cold rolling and reversion annealing. The tensile characteristics of the STS were analyzed in terms of the dependence of strain induced martensitic (SIM) transformation on the grain size. In the ultrafine grain regime, the steel showed a high yield strength over 1 GPa, a discontinuous yielding, and a prolonged yield point elongation followed by considerable strain hardening. By increasing the grain size, the discontinuous yielding diminished and the yield point elongation decreased. The microstructural examination revealed that these tensile characteristics are closely related to the suppression of SIM transformation with decreasing the grain size. Especially, the prolonged yield point elongation of the ultrafine grained STS was found to be associated with development of unidirectional ε martensite bands. Based on the microstructural examination of the deformed microstructures, the rationalization of the grain size dependence of SIM transformation was suggested.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2015

In order to prevent shape defects such as fluting and stretcher strains during press forming of aged low carbon steel sheets, roller leveling conditions for reducing yield point elongation were studied. Yield point elongations of leveled sheets were determined as a function of leveling, which is defined as the plastic fraction or the ratio of plastically deformed part in sheet thickness section to the whole thickness of the sheet. By adjusting this plastic fraction during leveling to more than 78%, yield point elongation in the leveled sheets was reduced so no fluting occurred during subsequent tangential bending. Stretcher strains can be avoided by leveling the sheet to an 84% plastic fraction condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.305-313
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• 2010

HDPE smooth and textured GMs were cut into dumbbell shape and notched where depth of the notch produced a ligament thickness of 90% to 10% of the nominal thickness of the specimen at 10% interval. Yield stress and elongation were measured of those samples and plotted on Graph. Yield stress and elongation at yield point decreases gradually as the notch depth is increased. Both installations damaged and notched GMs were used to understand stress crack behavior. Intact sample were notched in such a manner that the depth of notch produced a ligament thickness of 80% of the nominal thickness of the specimen. Installation damaged samples were not notched. Stress Crack Resistance behavior was observed using NCTL Test at $50{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ at different yield stresses immerging with pH 4 and pH 12 buffer solutions. Significant difference was observed in both cases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2017

This present study deals with the effect of micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature on the correlation of microstructure and tensile properties of low-carbon steels with ferrite-pearlite microstructure. Six kinds of low-carbon steel specimens were fabricated by adding micro-alloying elements of Nb, Ti and V, and by varying isothermal transformation temperature. Ferrite grain size of the specimens containing mirco-alloying elements was smaller than that of the Base specimens because of pinning effect by the precipitates of carbonitrides at austenite grain boundaries. The pearlite interlamellar spacing and cementite thickness decreased with decreasing transformation temperature, while the pearlite volume fraction was hardly affected by micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature. The room-temperature tensile test results showed that the yield strength increased mostly with decreasing ferrite grain size and elongation was slightly improved as the ferrite grain size and pearlite interlamellar spacing decreased. All the specimens exhibited a discontinuous yielding behavior and the yield point elongation of the Nb4 and TiNbV specimens containing micro-alloying elements was larger than that of the Base specimens, presumably due to repetitive pinning and release of dislocation by the fine precipitates of carbonitrides.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.278-282
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• 2024

Recently, hot rolled galvanized steel is widely used in automotive parts. As the paradigm of the automotive market has changed from fossil fuel vehicle to electric vehicle, the automotive industry needs more high-strength steels to reduce weights of automobiles. However, because high-strength steel contains high solute carbon, it is expected to have a risk of stretcher-strain on the surface due to dislocation trapping by solute [C] and [N]. Generally, galvanized steel is supposed to pass through a furnace around the temperature of Zinc pot to increase material temperature. Otherwise, the inhibition layer could not be formed. However, solute carbon and nitrogen are volatile enough to move around the furnace temperature. Moreover, the ratio of ferrite phase and precipitated Fe3C can be variable, resulting in yield point elongation related to the stretcher strain. Furthermore, the quality of the galvanized surface can be affected by a high temperature of the furnace. Although a relatively hot rolled galvanizing line furnace has a lower temperature than an annealing line furnace, it can affect various quality aspects. In other words, this paper aims to determine how these phenomena appear concerning furnace temperature.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.570-577
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• 2018

This study examines the effect of microstructural factors on the strength and deformability of ferrite-pearlite steels. Six kinds of ferrite-pearlite steel specimens are fabricated with the addition of different amounst of Mn and V and with varying the isothermal transformation temperature. The Mn steel specimen with a highest Mn content has the highest pearlite volume fraction because Mn addition inhibits the formation of ferrite. The V steel specimen with a highest V content has the finest ferrite grain size and lowest pearlite volume fraction because a large amount of ferrite forms in fine austenite grain boundaries that are generated by the pinning effect of many VC precipitates. On the other hand, the room-temperature tensile test results show that the V steel specimen has a longer yield point elongation than other specimens due to the highest ferrite volume fraction. The V specimen has the highest yield strength because of a larger amount of VC precipitates and grain refinement strengthening, while the Mn specimen has the highest tensile strength because the highest pearlite volume fraction largely enhances work hardening. Furthermore, the tensile strength increases with a higher transformation temperature because increasing the precipitate fraction with a higher transformation temperature improves work hardening. The results reveal that an increasing transformation temperature decreases the yield ratio. Meanwhile, the yield ratio decreases with an increasing ferrite grain size because ferrite grain size refinement largely increases the yield strength. However, the uniform elongation shows no significant changes of the microstructural factors.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2000

The industrial application of hydroforming has a great potential in saying cost and achieving dimensional accuracy in automotive industry presently. The aim of the following article is to investigate the effect of process parameters on hydroformed part. Firstly, we have to investigate the change of mechanical properties for sheet and pipe material according to various radius/thickness ratio(r/t). The change of mechanical properties affects the yield stress more than the total elongation. Increase of yield stress for pipe has a bad influence on formability of hydroforming. Among the roll-forming process, the sizing process didn't change mechanical properties. The process parameters such as the initial pressure, mandrel shape and friction have seriously influenced on formability of hydroforming. Therefore we need to check formability of given material through the FE analysis in the beginning stage of process design and the predicted hydroforming process parameters ate generally a good starting point for the prototype tryout stage. The results of pretending, hydroforming analysis using FE model are good agreement with experimental results.