• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2004

As Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which has long been used to transform plants, is known to transfer T-DNA to budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a variety of fungi were subjected to the A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation to improve their transformation frequency and feasibility. The A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, is performed in this study as the first example of transformation of a hardwood fungal pathogen. The transfer of the binary vector pBIN9-Hg, containing the bacterial hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter and terminator, as a selectable marker, led to the selection of more than 1,000 stable, hygromycin B-resistant transformants per 1${\times}$10$\^$6/ conidia of C. parasitica. The putative transformants appeared to be mitotically stable. The transformation efficiency appears to depend on the bacterial strain, age of the bacteria cell culture and ratio of fungal spores to bacterial cells. PCR and Southern blot analysis indicated that the marker gene was inserted at different chromosomal sites. Moreover, three transformants out of ten showed more than two hybridizing bands, suggesting more than two copies of the inserted marker gene are not uncommon.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.337-349
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• 2021

본 연구는 금강 하류 지천으로 전북 완주와 충남 논산으로 이어지는 논산천과 충남 아산만의 인공 담수호인 삽교호 주변 환경의 야생 효모들의 효모 종 분포 특성을 조사하고 국내 미발표된 효모들을 선별하여 이들의 균학적 특성들을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 전북 완주군의 장선천과 충남 논산의 입촌천 주변 물과 토양 95점에서 101균주의 야생 효모들을 분리, 동정하였고, 이들 중 C. panamericana JSC6-3 (JSL-GGU-011), P. eucalypti JSC23-6 (JSL-GGU-012), F. chernovii JSC39-1 (JSL-GGU-013), Sir. intermedium JSC7-3 (JSL-GGU-014), C. fructus JSC72-1 (JSL-GGU-015), C. stauntonica JSC20-1 (JSL-GGU-016)등 6균주들을 국내 미기록 야생효모들로 선별하였다. 또한, 삽교호 주변 환경에서 채취한 시료 58점으로부터C. tritomae SG 55M-3등 65균주의 야생 효모들을 분리, 동정하였고 이들 중C. tritomae SG 55M-3 (JSL-KSS-003) 균주와K. mangrovensis ASG 21W-2 (JSL-KSS-004) 균주들이 국내 미기록 야생 효모들로 최종 선별되었다. 이들 미기록 효모들은 C. fructus JSC72-1외에 모두 난형이었고F. chernovii JSC39-1 균주만이 포자를 형성하였으며 모든 균주들이 의균사를 형성하지 않았다. P. eucalypti JSC23-6 균주만이 vitamin-free배지에서 생육하지 못했고C. panamericana JSC6-3등 3균주들은 15% NaCl을 함유한 YPD배지에서도 생육하는 호염성 균들이었다. 선별된 미기록 효모들은 Ca, Cu, Li, Mg 이온들에 대하여 800 ppm까지 내성을 보였고 모두 포도당과 fructose, sucrose들을 자화시켰으며 특히 F. chernovii JSC39-1등 3균주들은 lactose를, C. panamericana JSC6-3 등 5균주들은 전분을 자화시켰다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2011

A total of 96 crossbred weanling barrows aged 21 days were randomly allocated to 32 pens of a new nursery to investigate the effects of antibiotics, phytogenics, and probiotics on intestinal growth and development. The animals were fed a set of three-phase basal diets containing 0.3% zinc oxide (CON) or the basal diets supplemented with 353 ppm of a combination of tiamulin, neomycin, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline (ANTI), 75 ppm triterpenoid saponin plus 150 ppm mixed saccharides (HERB; Sacchapin$^{(R)}$), or $1{\times}10^7$ brewer's yeasts plus $8{\times}10^7$ spores of each of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis per kilogram feed (PROBIO; Yeasture Plus 2B$^{(R)}$) for five weeks. Thirty-two pigs representing as many pens were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial, after which morphological measures and digestive enzyme activities of intestinal mucosa were determined. Weight gain and gain:feed of the pigs were not affected by the dietary treatments (TRT) during the overall feeding trial. Total intestinal length was greater in PROBIO than in ANTI (P<0.05). Wet mucosa weight of the duodenum was not affected by TRT. However, jejunal mucosa weight was greater in PROBIO than in any other group sum of mucosa weights of the duodenum and jejunum was greater (P<0.05) in PROBIO than in ANTI and HERB. The height and width of duodenal villus were not affected by TRT, but crypt depth decreased (P<0.05) in response to HERB and PROBIO vs CON. Specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and leucine aminopeptidase in the duodenum and jejunum were not changed by TRT. In conclusion, results suggest that the present dietary treatments have no effects on growth performance of weanling pigs and that of PROBIO enhances intestinal growth and development under a clean experimental setting.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1990

인삼엽록차의 미생물 오염도는 호기성 전세균이 $3.6{\times}10^{5}/g$ 내열성 포자균이 $2.1{\times}10^{3}/g$, 효모가 $1.6{\times}10^{4}/g$, 곰팡이가 $1.9{\times}10^{4}/g$ 및 대장균군이 $1.2{\times}10^{4}/g$ 수준으로 백삼분말제품 검사기준보다 높은 상태였다. 미생물 살균효과 비교 시험에서 상업적인 조건의 ethylene oxide 처리와 5 kGy 의 감마선조사는 모든 미생물의 농도를 검출한계 이하로 감소시킬 수 있었으며, $30^{\circ}C$내외에서 3개월 이상 저장 후에도 미생물의 생육은 거의 없었다. 오염미생물의 방사선 감수성 (D10값)은 대장균(0.70kGy)>일반세균(0.75kGy)>곰팡이(0.85kGy)>효모(0.95kGy)의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 관능적 품질 비교에서 살균선량의 감마선 조사는 시료의 풍미, 맛, 색상등 전반적 기호도에 있어서 무처리 대조시료와 차이가 없었으나 훈증처리 시료의 추출액은 색상과 맛에 있어서 저장 3개월 이후에도 타시료와 유의적 차이를 나타내었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2023

남덕유산 월성계곡과 대전광역시 진참천 등지로부터 분리한 야생효모들 중 국내 미기록 야생효모들을선별한후, 이들의균학적특성과효소활성및생리활성등을조사하였다. 이들야생효모들중Candida sorboxylosa WSC25-4 (NNIBRFG47336), Arxula adeninivorans WSC6-3 (NNIBRFG47335), Farysizyma taiwaniana JRC6-2 (NNIBRFG47339), Saturnispora dispora JTS19-1 (NNIBRFG47334), Vanderwaltozyma polyspora JJCH5-3 (NNIBRFG47337)과Vanrija fragicola SW-9 (NNIBRFG47338) 등 6균주들을 국내 미기록 야생효모들로 최종 선별하였다. 이들 균주들은 대부분 구형으로 출아에 의해 영양증식을 하였고, 모두 자낭포자와 의균사들을 형성하지 않았다. V. polyspora JJCH5-3외 5균주들이 YPD, YM, PD등의 배지에서 잘 생육하였고, A. adeninivorans WSC6-3와S. dispora JTS19-1 균주들은 40% 포도당을함유한 YPD 배지에서잘생육하는내당성을보였으며, V. fragicola SW-9 균주는 5% NaCl을 함유한 YPD배지에서 생육하는 호염성 효모로 확인되었다. 국내 미기록 야생효모들의 배양 상등액들 중A. adeninivorans WSC6-3과F. taiwaniana JRC6-2, V. fragicola SW-9 등의 glucoamylase 활성이 각각 58.0, 59.0, 59.0% 로 비교적 높았고, C. sorboxylosa WSC25-4 균주는 알칼리성 단백질분해효소 활성이 높아 세재 산업에 유용할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 미기록 효모들의 모든배양상등액은항산화활성과 SOD-유사활성이 70-98%로매우높았고, S. dispora JTS19-1과V. fragicola SW-9의항통풍성잔틴산화효소저해활성도각각 70%와 80%로높았다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

제주도와 남해안 장사도 해변 등지로부터 분리한 야생효모들 중 국내 미기록 야생효모들을 선별한 후 이들의 균학적 특성을 조사하였다. 이들 수계에서 분리한 야생효모들 중 Coniozyma leucospermi JJD37-2, Hanseniaspora thailandica JJD44-1, Kluyveromyces nonfermentans JJD15-1, Kockovaella fuzhouensis JJD47-3, Vishniacozyma heimaeyensis JJD8-4, Candida carpophila JSDH24-1, Wickerhamomyces strasburgensis JSDH34-2, Candida savonica HJD6-4, Candida karawaiewii YP23-3 등 9종이 국내 미기록 야생효모로 최종 선별되었다. 이들 균주들은 대부분 구형으로 출아에 의해 영양증식을 하였고 자낭포자와 의균사들을 형성하지 않았다. K. fuzhouensis JJD47-3과 V. heimaeyensis JJD8-4 외 7균주들은YPD, YM, PD등의 배지에서 잘 생육하였고 C. leucospermi JJD37-2와 C. carpophila JSDH24-1, C. savonica HJD6-4 균주들은 50% 포도당을 함유한 YPD 배지에서 생육하는내당성을보였으며 9균주중 8균주가 10% NaCl을 함유한 YPD배지에서 생육하는 호염성 효모이었다. 대부분의 미기록 균주들이 Ca, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Zn 등의 중금속 등에 대하여 800 ppm까지 내성을 보였고 glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, cellobiose, raffinose등을 자화시켰다. H. thailandica JJD44-1 만이 glucose, fructose, mannose를 발효시켰다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1998

Fugi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic, filamentous or unicellular organisms, most of which grow on nonliving materials as saphrophytes. The majority are therefore opportunistic pathogens and predisposing factors often contribute to the establishment of fungal infection. These include an alteration in the normal flora of the host by prolonged administration of antibiotics, immunosup-pression, concurrent infections, damage to the skin or mucous membranes, constantly moist areas of skin or the exposure to a large infective dose, and as with fungal spores. Fungi may cause a variety of diseases which may be due directly to fungal invasion of tissue or more often to the ingestion of toxins produces by fungi in growing, standing or stored grains and other animals feeds. In this experiment, contaminated fugi were isolated and identified from animal feedstuffs such as Korean cattle, milking cows, pigs and chickens. Twelve genues were isolated from animal feeds, they are 9 from Korean cattle and milking cows feeds, 6 from pigs feeds, and 10 from chickens feeds. Among them, most frequently encountered species was Yeast(56 strains), followed by Fusarium sp(41 strains), Aspergillus sp(20 strains), each of Micorsporum sp and Trichophyton sp(17 strains), Penicilium sp(12 strains), in order. And also minority was isolated as Candide sp(4 strains), Trichoderma sp(3 strains), each of Epidermophytom sp and Absida sp(2 strains), and each of Sporothrix sp and Maduromyces sp(1 strain). Among the Aspergillus sp 20 isolates, A flavus(5 strains), A nidulans(4 strains), A fumigatus(3 strains), A glucans(3 strains), A niger(3 strains) and A terreus(2 strains) were identified.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.674-683
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• 2019

Some species of the Trichoderma genus are reported as the major problem in oak wood mushroom production in Korea. In spite of economic loss by the fungi, scientific information on airborne Trichoderma species is not much available. To generate information for disease management development we analyzed airborne Trichoderma. A total of 1,063 fungal isolates were purely obtained from indoor air sampling of cultivation houses used for oak wood mushroom using sawdust media. Among the obtained isolates, 248 isolates were identified as Trichoderma fungi including T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, and T. pseudokoningii, by morphological and molecular analysis. T. harzianum was dominant among the four identified species. All the four Trichoderma species grew fast on solid nutrient media tested (potato dextrose agar [PDA], malt extract agar [MEA], Czapek's Dox + yeast extract agar [CYA] and cornmeal dextrose agar). Compact mycelia growth and mass spore production were better on PDA and CYA. In addition, T. harzianum and T. citrinoviride formed greenish and yellowish mycelium and spores on PDA and CYA. Greenish and yellowish pigment was saturated into PDA only by T. pseudokoningii. These four Trichoderma species could produce extracellular enzymes of sawdust substrate degradation such as β-glucosidase, avicelase, CM-cellulase, amylase, pectinase, xylanase, and protease. Their mycelia inhibited the growth of oak wood mushroom mycelia of two tested cultivars on dual culture assay. Among of eleven antifungal agents tested, benomyl was the best to inhibit the growth of the four Trichoderma species. Our results demonstrate that the airborne Trichoderma fungi need to be properly managed in the cultivation houses for safe mushroom production.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.191-202
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• 1998

About 300 actinomycetes were isolated from two forest and one sea-shore soil and tested for inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of six plant pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe grisea, Alternaria mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Among 300 actinomycetes tested, only 16 actinomycetes showed the antifungal activity against the test fungi. Isolate NH 50 was selected for production and purification of antifungal antibiotic substances. Actinomycete isolate NH 50 displayed the broad antifungal spectra against 11 plant pathogenic fungi. To identify actinomycete isolate NH 50, cultural characteristics on various agar media, diaminopimelic acid type, and morphological characteristics by scanning electron microscopy were examined. As a result, actinomycete isolate NH 50 was classified as a rare actinomycete that had LL-DAP type and did not produce spores. After incubation of isolate NH 50 in yeast extract-malt extract-dextrose broth, antifungal compound NH-B1 that inhibited mycelial growth of some plant pathogenic fungi was purified from the methanol eluates of XAD-16 resins by a series of purification procedures, i.e., silica gel flash chromatography, C18 flash chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, silica gel medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), C18 MPLC, and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). UV spectrum and 1HNMR spectrum of antifungal compound NH-B1 dissolved in methanol were examined. The antibiotic NH-B1 showed the major peaks at 230 and 271.2nm. Based on the data of 1H-NMR spectrum, NH-B1 was confirmed to be an extremely complex polymer of sugars called polysaccharides. The antibiotic NH-B1 showed strong antifungal activity against Alternaria solani and Cercospora kikuchi, but weak activity against M. grisea.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

달걀버섯 균사의 특징 및 동정과 균사 생육을 위한 최적배지 조건을 조사하였다. 실체, 광학, 주사전자현미경을 통하여 달걀버섯의 균사를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, clamp connection을 볼 수 있었으며, 균사형(M형)직경이 2-4 ${\mu}m$, 효모형(Y형)균사 직경이 7-8 ${\mu}m$로 나타났다. 포자는 광타원형-원형으로 $8-11\;{\times}6-9$ ${\mu}m$로 관찰되었다. 채집한 달걀버섯을 통해 분자학적으로 동정한 결과, A. hemibapha는 A. caesarea와 A. jacksonii와 각각 97.5, 98.5%의 높은 유사성을 나타내었다. 균사생육을 위한 최적 온도는 $28^{\circ}C$이고, pH6.0에서 최적 균사생육을 나타내었다. 또한, SYP, GYS 배지를 사용하였을 때 가장 우수한 균사생육을 나타내었다. 탄소원으로는 Mannitol과 Glucose를 첨가 하였을 때 균사 생육이 가장 활발히 나타났고, 질소원으로는 Peptone이 첨가 되었을 때 가장 좋은 생육이 이루어졌다.