• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.371-387
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• 2019

Although the dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (Umbelliferae) is a popular medicinal plant in East Asia, there has been no systemic toxicological evaluation of a water extract of Saposhnikoviae Radix (SRE). In this experiment, an oral acute and 13-week subchronic toxicological evaluations of SRE (500-5,000 mg/kg body weight) were performed in both sexes of Crl:CD(SD) rats. Based on the results from mortality, clinical signs, effects on body weight and organ weight, clinical biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, and histopathology, significant acute, 4-week repeated dose range finding (DRF) and 13-week subchronic toxicity of SRE was not observed in either sex of rats; thus, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 5,000 mg (kg/day). To identify anti-hyperuricemia potential of SRE, the suppressive effect of SRE was determined in mice challenged with potassium oxonate (PO; 250 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection for 8 days (each group; n = 7). SRE supplementation suppressed the uric acid level in urine through significant xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. Kidney dysfunctions were observed in PO-challenged mice as evidenced by an increase in serum creatinine level. Whereas, SRE supplementation suppressed it in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, SRE was safe up to 5,000 mg (kg/day) based on NOAEL found from acute and 13-week subchronic toxicological evaluations. SRE had anti-hyperuricemia effect and lowered the excessive level of uric acid, a potential factor for gout and kidney failure.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the cytotoxicity of cadmium sulfate ($CdSO_4$) and the antioxidative effect of Typha orientalis L. (TO) extract on the oxidative stress induced by cytotoxicity of $CdSO_4$ in the cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Methods: For this study, the cell viability and the antioxidative effects such as the inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation (LP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity were assessed. Results: The cadmium sulfate significantly decreased cell viability in dose-dependently, and $XTT_{50}$ value was measured at $47.4{\mu}M$ of $CdSO_4$. The cytotoxicity of $CdSO_4$ was determined as highly toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidant significantly increased cell viability injured by $CdSO_4$-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. In the protective effect of TO extract on $CdSO_4$-induced cytotoxicity, TO extract remarkably increased the inhibitory ability of LP and XO as well as SOD-like ability. Conclusions: From the above results, it is suggested that the oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of $CdSO_4$, and TO extract effectively protected $CdSO_4$-induced cytotoxicity by antioxidative effects. The natural component like TO extract may be a putative therapeutic agent for treatment of the toxicity induced by heavy metallic compound like $CdSO_4$ correlated with the oxidative stress.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.26-37
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Hyperuricemic nephropathy is a common cause of acute kidney injury. Resveratrol can ameliorate kidney injury, but the explicit mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the effects of resveratrol on the inflammatory response and renal injury in hyperuricemic rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: A rat model of hyperuricemic nephropathy was established by the oral administration of a mixture of adenine and potassium oxinate. Biochemical analysis and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to assess the rat kidney function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to evaluate the immune and oxidative responses. RESULTS: The expression levels of urine albumin and β2-microglobulin were significantly decreased after resveratrol treatment. In addition, the levels of serum creatinine and uric acid were significantly decreased in the resveratrol groups, compared with the control group. The levels of proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, in kidney tissue and serum were also increased in the hyperuricemic rats, and resveratrol treatment inhibited their expression. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity in kidney tissue as well as the superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase levels in serum were all decreased by resveratrol treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol may protect against hyperuricemic nephropathy through regulating the inflammatory response.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2022

Objectives : Aquilaria crassna is a traditional herbal medicine, which is used to treat allergies, diabetes, neurological diseases. Recently, Aquilaria crassna extracts have been reported in anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, various solvents fraction of Aquilaria crassna were investigated on various physiological activities. Methods : According to the polarity, the solvents fraction of Aquilaria crassna were confirmed through TLC, and the activities of the extracts were confirmed in anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, whitening, anti-gout, and anti-inflammation. Results : TLC results showed that ACM and ACM/E have similar patterns and most of the components were transferred to ACM/E. Treatment with ACM and ACM/E fraction were significantly decreased the generation of NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells. Analysis of biological activities such as α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B), tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase (XO) and pancreatic lipase inhibition, showed that ACM and ACM/E have more inhibitory effects than other fractions. Conclusions : Therefore, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate that Aquilaria crassna and its constituents might be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of immune-regulating effects.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.61.1-61.16
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.858-866
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• 2022

The present study investigated the chemical composition, and antioxidant and physiological activities of the Korean marine algae, Codium fragile. The solvent extracts from C. fragile were prepared using 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and distilled water. Based on the general chemical composition, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and moisture were 74.22%, 16.73%, 0.66%, 4.39%, and 4.00%, respectively. Calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were the main minerals. The extraction yield range of the solvent extracts was 3.51-9.76%. The ranges of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were approximately 10.97-13.76 mg/g and 8.00-8.69 mg/g, respectively. The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activity, reducing power and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) activities were the highest in the ethanol extract, while methanol extract exhibited the strongest nitrite oxide scavenging activity. On the other hand, tyrosinase, elastase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the ethanol and methanol extracts were higher than those of the water extract. Furthermore, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest β-secretase inhibitory activity. The results indicate that C. fragile can be used as an antioxidant and a functional ingredient in food and pharmaceutical products.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권8호
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• pp.496-512
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• 2023

A fructose-enriched diet is thought to contribute to hepatic injury in developing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the cellular mechanism of fructose-induced hepatic damage remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether fructose induces cell death in primary hepatocytes, and if so, to establish the underlying cellular mechanisms. Our results revealed that treatment with high fructose concentrations for 48 h induced mitochondria-mediated apoptotic death in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs). Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses were involved in fructose-induced death as the levels of phosho-eIF2α, phospho-C-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) increased, and a chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) prevented cell death. The impaired oxidation metabolism of fatty acids was also possibly involved in the fructose-induced toxicity as treatment with an AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activator and a PPAR-α agonist significantly protected against fructose-induced death, while carnitine palmitoyl transferase I inhibitor exacerbated the toxicity. However, uric acid-mediated toxicity was not involved in fructose-induced death as uric acid was not toxic to MPHs, and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (a key enzyme in uric acid synthesis) did not affect cell death. On the other hand, treatment with inhibitors of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)⁺-consuming enzyme CD38 or CD38 gene knockdown significantly protected against fructose-induced toxicity in MPHs, and fructose treatment increased CD38 levels. These data suggest that CD38 upregulation plays a role in hepatic injury in the fructose-enriched diet-mediated NASH. Thus, CD38 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-enriched diet-mediated NASH.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

이 연구에서는 Yacon 추출물을 분획별 유기용매로 추출하여 항산화 및 항암 활성을 조사하였다. 총 페놀 함량은 ethyl acetate 분획에서 45.53%로 가장 높았고, 전자공여능과 아질산염 소거능의 결과는 ethyl acetate 분획에서 각각 65.20%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$), 91.81% ($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), 95.06%($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$)와, 11.71%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$), 36.81%($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), 59.70%($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$)로 모든 농도에서 control 보다 높았다. Xanthine oxidase 저해 활성은 저농도에서 23.74%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$), 43.41%($500\;{\mu}g/ml$)로 control 보다 높은 활성을 보였다. 암세포에 대한 성장 저해 활성 측정 결과 SNU-1에 대해 hexane 분획이 23.75%($10\;{\mu}g/ml$), 34.67%($50\;{\mu}g/ml$), 54.21%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$)로 가장 높은 성장 저해 활성을 보였으며, HeLa에 대해 hexane 분획에서 41.38%($10\;{\mu}g/ml$), 50.53%($50\;{\mu}g/ml$), 60.91%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$), butanol 분획에서 17.05%($10\;{\mu}g/ml$), 43.87%($50\;{\mu}g/ml$), 62.99%($100\;{\mu}g/ml$)로 높은 성장 저해 활성을 보였다 이상의 결과에서 Yacon의 ethyl acetate 분획에서는 항산화 활성, hexane 분획에서는 높은 항암 활성을 볼 수 있었다. 그러므로 각 분획에 따라 항산화 및 항암 활성의 특이성이 있는 것으로 생각되며 각 분획 성분에 따라 기능성 식품으로의 개발과 구체적인 성분에 대한 추가적 연구가 기대된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.963-967
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• 2008

참외의 껍질에 포함되어 있는 성분을 이용할 수 있는 껍질째 먹는 참외 생산 및 식품소재로 활용하기 위해 참외를 부위별로 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 각 부위별 참외의 추출물의 총 phenol 함량은 태좌가 $925.56\;{\mu}g/ml$로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 껍질이 $816.37\;{\mu}g/ml$, 과육 순으로 나타났고, 총 flavonoid성 함량은 껍질이 $231.21\;{\mu}g/ml$로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 태좌가 $36.07\;{\mu}g/ml$, 과육 순으로 나타났다. 태좌와 껍질의 총 phenol 함량은 유사하였지만, flavonoid 성 함량은 껍질부분이 가장 높게 나타났다. 참외의 항산화 효과는 전자공여능이 껍질, 과육과 태좌가 10,000 ppm에서 각각 34.84%, 9.26%, 10.70%으로 나타났고, ABTS는 각각 72.92%, 48.0%와 74.31%로 나타났다. Xanthine oxidase의 저해활성의 경우 10,000 ppm에서는 껍질 부위가 11.21%의 활성을 보였고, 태좌와 과육은 미약한 효과를 나타내었다. ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ 저해 활성은 10,000 ppm에서는 껍질 부위가 27.35%로 태좌와 과육에 비해 높은 저해효과를 나타내었고, 태좌와 과육은 미약한 저해활성을 나타내었다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 10,000 ppm에서 껍질 부위가 17.71%, 과육이 16.81%, 태좌가 12.59%의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 껍질부분의 경우, 총 flavonoid성 함량 및 항산화 활성, ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ 저해활성, 그리고, Tyrosinase 저해활성이 과육과 태좌부위보다 높으며 식품소재로 활용이 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권4호
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• pp.424-431
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• 1995

이 연구는 open-top chamber내에서 오존 가스에 폭로시킨 느티나무(Zelkova serrata Makino)의 저항성과 생리적 반응을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 화분에 심어 4월에서 8월까지 온실에서 키운 1년생 느티나무 묘목을 야외에 설치한 두개의 open-top chamber(직경2m, 높이2m)에 70본씩 나누어 넣은 후, 한 chamber는 오존 가스 처리구로, 다른 chamber는 대조구로 실험에 이용하였다. 오존 가스 처리구에는 하루 5시간씩(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) 23일 간 0.1ppm 농도의 오존을 폭로하였으며, 대조구는 일반 대기에 노출시켰다. 오존 가스에 폭로 후 2일, 3일, 혹은 5일마다 각 chamber에서 10본씩의 묘목을 임의로 꺼내어 엽록소 a, b의 양, 총엽록소의 양, ${\beta}$-카로틴의 함량을 측정하였다. 광합성량은 가스교환 chamber 내에서 이산화탄소 흡수량으로 측정하였으며, 호흡량은 암흑에서 산소 흡수량으로 측정하였고, SOD(superoxide dismutase)는 xanthine oxidase방법으로 측정하였다. 오존 폭로 14일 후에 물에 젖은 듯한 반점의 가시적 피해가 나타나기 시작하였으며, 오존 가스는 성엽의 노화를 촉진시켰다. 오존에 폭로시킨 지 이틀 후에 엽록소 a, b의 양은 각각 17%, 31% 감소하였으며, 엽록소 b의 감소 속도가 엽록소 a의 감소 속도보다 빨랐다. ${\beta}$-카로틴은 오존에 폭로시킨 지 이틀 후에 25%가 감소하였으나, 시간이 지남에 따라 회복되는 것으로 나타났다. 광합성 능력은 오존 처리구에서 45% 감소하였고, 호흡량은 28% 증가하였다. SOD활성은 오존 폭로 4일 후부터 증가하여 7일 만에 대조구의 285%에 도달하였다가 이후 다시 감소하여 가시적 피해가 나타나는 시기부터 대조구보다 더 낮은 활성을 보였다. 느티나무 묘목은 오존에 의하여 비교적 민감하게 피해를 받으며, SOD 활성은 오존 폭로에 대하여 초기 방어기작으로 나타나는 생리적 지표라고 결론 짓는다.