• 대한약리학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1976

The clinical abuse of C.N.S. stimulants during recent years has directed particular attention. Effect of various organs other than C.N.S. was also extensively investigated with those agents. It has been shown that, although there is a wide variation in sensitivity between species, caffeine stimulates gastric secretion in man, cat, guinea pig and dog. Roth and Ivy(1944) reported that caffeine and histamine acted synergistically in stimulating gastric secretion in the cat. Vaille et al(1966) studied that production of pancreatic juice in the rat was enhanced, but bile secretion was not affected by caffeine. In clinical study the effect of chlorpromazine on the external pancreatic secretion in the 24 subjects, the volume fell more than 20% in 7 subjects. (Skajaa et al 1960) It is widely known that C.N.S. stimulants enhanced spontaneous motor activity in the mice, while tranquilizers depressed the activity. Woo (1975) reported that the group of mice treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity and in the group of mice treated with amphetamine, there was a significant increase in the motor activity. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the effects of C.N.S. stimulants and depressant on the exocrine pancreas, and on the spontaneous motor activity in the rats. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. In animals treated with xanthine derivatives, the volume of pancreatobiliary secretion was markedly increased. 2. Total bilirubin output was elevated markedly in the xanthine derivatives and imipramine treated animals. The bilirubin concentration was increased in xanthine derivatives treated group. 3. The concentration of cholate in the bile was decreased in the chlorpromazine treated group. 4. The activity of lipase in the pancreatobiliary juice was elevated markedly in the xanthine derivatives treated group only. 5. In the all experimental groups, the activity of amylase in pancreatobiliary juice was significantly elevated. 6. In the caffeine treated group, spontaneous motor activity was markedly increased in $30{\sim}60$ minutes, and the amphetamine treated group showed the increased motor activity in first 30 minutes. 7. The group of rats treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity after 30 minutes, and the imipramine treated group showed similar result but less inhibition.

• Mycobiology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2011

Cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species has been implicated in several diseases, thus establishing a significant role for antioxidants in maintaining human health. Acetone, methanol, and hot water extracts of Pleurotus citrinopileatus were evaluated for their antioxidant activities against ${\beta}$-carotene-linoleic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power, ferrous ion-chelating abilities, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory effects and phenolic compound contents of the extracts were also analyzed. Methanol and acetone extracts of P. citrinopileatus showed stronger inhibition of ${\beta}$-carotene-linoleic acid compared to the hot water extract. Methanol extract (8 mg/mL) showed a significantly high reducing power of 2.92 compared to the other extracts. The hot water extract was more effective than the acetone and methanole extracts for scavenging DPPH radicals. The strongest chelating effect (92.72%) was obtained with 1.0 mg/mL of acetone extract. High performance liquid chromatography analysis detected eight phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin, and biochanin-A, in an acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid (5 : 1) solvent extract. Xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the acetone, methanol, and hot water extracts increased with increasing concentration. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.720-723
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• 2002

To clarify the vasculotoxicity of reactive oxygen intermediate(ROI) in cultured vascular endotherial cells(VEC), of mouse, cytototoxicity was measured by MTS assay after VEC was incubated to 10～80mU/ml xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX) for 2 hours. and also, the protective effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori(RPM) was determined by MTT assay in these cultrures. Cell viability was positively decreased dose-, and time-dependently, after the treatment with 40mU/ml XO/0.1 mM HX to cultured VEC for 2 hours. In the vasculoprotective effect of RPM on the toxicity induced by XO/HX, RPM prevented the XO/HX-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. From above the results, it suggests that XO/HX is toxic in cultured VEC and herb extract, RPM has protective effect against the vasculotoxicity induced by XO/HX.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.247-252
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• 1995

To evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase on liver injury by $CCl_4$, liver damage was induced both in allopurinol pretreated rats (500 mg/kg. ip) and control group by twice intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.1 ml/100 g body wt. 50% in olive oil) at interval of one day. Increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and liver weight/body weight (%) by $CCl_4$ were significantly smaller inallopurinol pretreated rats than in control whereas the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-pholphatase activities were significantly higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than control group by $CCl_4$ treatment. These results indicates that allopurinol pretreatment may reduce the liver damage in $CCl_4$ intoxicated rats. In rats either with $CCl_4$or not, hepatic type O xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced by allopurinol pretreatment and the increasing rate of these enzymes to each control was remarkably lower in allopurinol pretreated rats than control. Liver cytosolic protein contents and aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase activities were higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than coirol rats when animals were treated with $CCl_4$. On the other hand, neither allopurinol pretreated nor $CCl_4$ treatment caused any significant changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Hepatic glutathione contents were higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control, but no significant changes were found in both between the allopurinol treated rats and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol, and glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly reduced in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control whereas these enzyme activities showed on significant change in both between allopurinel treated and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol. It is concluded that xanthine oxidase reaction system augment $CCl_4$ induced liver injury via even oxygen free radical system.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

To apply the serum xanthine oxidase (XO) determining for the index of the toluene intoxication, the serum XO activity was compared with the other parameters, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), guanase(GDA) and $\gamma$-gIutamyl transpeptidase(T-GTP). Concomitantly, the cause of increased level of serum XO was clarified in the present experimental conditions. Although the other serum enzyme activities, ALT, AST, 5'-NT, ALP, GDA and $\gamma$-GTP were respectively not found to be different between control group and toluene-treated group, the serum XO activity in toluene-treated group showed the higher levels than that in the control group. These suggested that the determination of serum XO activity could be used for monitoring the intoxication of toluene. On the other hand, the activities of XO both in the serum and liver were higher in toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated rats than those in each control group. In the pooled liver XO from each group, toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated group showed the higher $V_{max}$ value than the control group, whereas no changes were observed in liver XO activities between the control liver specimen and that preincubated with bertzaldehyde in vitro. The present results indicate that the increased level of XO in toluene-treated rats is due to the result of enzyme protein induction in liver cell by the benzaldehyde metabolized from toluene. All the more, the benzaldehyde may be acted as a substrate for XO, since the benzaldehyde induced the increased activity of both liver and serum XO, and no changes were found in purine catabolite, uric acid in serum or urine and liver purine catabolizing enzymes, adenosine deaminase, GDA, uricuse except XO in toluene-treated rats.

• Mycobiology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.494-505
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• 2019

In this study, the antioxidant, anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-melanogenic and anti-wrinkle effects of methanol (ME) and hot water (HE) extracts from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus vaninii were investigated. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of 2.0 mg/mL HE (95.38%) was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (96.97%), the reference standard. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of ME (98.19%) and HE (97.55%) were higher than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (92.66%) at 2.0 mg/mL. Neither ME nor HE was cytotoxic to murine melanoma B16-F10 cells at 25-750 ㎍/mL. Although the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory effects of ME and HE were significantly lower than that of allopurinol, the values were higher than 84 percent. The in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activities of ME and HE were comparable to kojic acid at 2.0 mg/mL. The cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthetic activities of ME and HE on B16-F10 melanoma cells at 500 ㎍/mL were higher than arbutin, indicating that the inhibitory effects of arbutin on the tyrosinase and melanin synthesis were higher than those of ME and HE. The collagenase inhibitory activity of HE was comparable to EGCG at 2.0 mg/mL, however, the elastase inhibitory activity of ME and HE was lower than EGCG at the concentration tested. The study results demonstrated that the fruiting bodies of Ph. vaninii possessed good antioxidant, anti-xanthine oxidase, cell-free anti-tyrosinase, cellular anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, and moderate anti-elastase activities, which might be used for the development of novel anti-gout, skin-whitening, and skin anti-wrinkle agents.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the anti-oxidative effects of Oldenlandiae Diffusae Herba Water extract (ODHW) on lipid peroxidation by free radicals oxidative hepatic injury. Methods : In order to evaluate anti-oxidative activities of ODHW in the liver cell, cultured normal rat liver cells(Ac2F) were incubated with or without ODHW. After 16 hours to 18 hours of experiment, cells were placed in DMEM medium without serum, and then incubated with 1mM tert-butyl hydro-peroxide(t-BHP) for two hours. Viable cells were detected by MTT assay. The levels of LPO induced by hydroxyl radical derived from H2O2-Fe2+ system in rat liver homogenate were determined by means of TBA. Inhibitory effect of ODHW on superoxide generation was measured by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Results : In the linoleic acid autoxidation system, ODHW exhibited antioxidant activity, which inhibited 85% of linoleic acid peroxidation. These effects were similar to those of dl-a-tocopherol. ODHW showed scavenging effects on DPPH radical, inhibited superoxide generation in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and also inhibited lipid peroxidation of rat liver tissue with hydroxyl radical derived from $H_2O_2-Fe^{2+}$ system. In addition, ODHW protected the cell death induced by t-BHP and it significantly increased cell viability in a normal rat liver cell(Ac2F)

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.672-677
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• 2008

In order to explore the anti-oxidization effect of oriental medicine and cereal medium(OCM) where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, measurement of hot water extract and UMPM(extraction method using ultra sonic waves, micro waves, micro bubble) extract, the total polyphenol content of crude polysaccharide from each extract, SOD-like activity, electron donating ability(EDA), xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted. The total polyphenol content of each extract was found to be 16.36% for hot water extract(HE) group and 15.73% for UMPM extract(UE) group and the amount of crude polysaccharide precipitated into ethanol of extracts was found to be 8.79% for UMPM ethanol extract(UEE) group and 6.48% for hot water ethanol extract(HEE) group. As a result of measurement of SOD-like activity by concentration of each extract, it was found to be 96.17% for UE group, 91.23% for HE group, 91.33% for UEE group, and 87.11% for HEE group at 20 mg/mL. In the case of EDA, it was found to be 47.55% for UE group, 44.93% for HE group, 25.38% for UEE group, and 18.36% for HEE group. And in the cases of the rates of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, as the concentration of each extract increased, the inhibition rate increased accordingly. As a result of comparison between hot water extract method and UMPM extract method using extracts obtained from oriental medicine compound medium where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured, all of the extracts were judged to have a high anti-oxidization effect. In particular, UMPM extracts were found to have higher polyphenol content, SOD-like activity, EDA, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to hot water extract method. In this regard, extracts obtained from OCM where Tricholoma matsutake mycelia were cultured are considered to have high availability as functional material when and if they are prepared using UMPM extract method.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2010

10년 이상 자연 발효된 콩 발효 식품에서 희귀 이소플라본 성분인 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone을 분리하였고, 분리된 성분의 항산화 효과를 비효소적인 방법으로는 DPPH 법을, 효소적인 방법으로는 xanthine oxidase법을 이용하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 7, 8, 4'-trihydroxyisoflavone는 농도 의존적으로 비타민 C와 유사한 DPPH 라디칼 소거 효능을 가지고 있음을 보여주었고 $6.6{\pm}0.4\;{\mu}M$ 농도에서 xanthine oxidase에서 생성된 superoxide 라디칼을 50 % 수준까지 낮춤을 보여주었다. 또한, 이 희귀 이소플라본 성분은 UVB로 유도된 MMP-1의 생성을 초기 수준으로 억제하는 것으로 나타나 피부 노화 억제에 유용한 성분임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1084-1088
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• 1996

통풍 예방물질에 관한 지속적 연구로서, 우리는 우롱차로부터 두 종류의 flavan-3-ol 화합물을 분리하게 되었다. 이 화합물은 TLC상에서 $anisaldehyde-H_2SO_4$용액 및 $FeCl_3$에 정색 반응을 하는 것으로 보아 dimeric flavan-3-ol 화합물로 확신하게 하였다. NMR 등 기기분석에 의해procyanidinB-2, procyanidim B-2-O-3, 3'-digallate로 동정되었다. Xanthin oxidin에 대한 분리물질의 저해영향이 조사되었는데 procyani-din B-2-O-3, 3'-digallate는 $50\;{\mu}mole$에서 60.6%의 저해를 보여주었고, 경쟁적으로 저해한다는 것이 확인되었다. 또한 gallate을 함유한 dimeric flaven-3-ol 화합물이 높은 활성을 나타내었다.