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Effects of Spinal Stabilization Training Program on Muscle Function and Gait Ability for Private Security Guard (민간경호원의 규칙적인 척추안정화운동 프로그램 참여가 근기능 및 보행능력에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Kyong-Tae;Cho, Ji-Hoon
    • Korean Security Journal
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    • no.24
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    • pp.33-51
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the variation of muscle function and gait ability according to regular spinal stabilization exercise program for private security guards and the conclusion as follows. First, it increased lumbar extension strength and lumbar flexion strength both exercise and non exercise group according to the variation of muscle function with the spinal stabilization exercise program. There was significant difference between exercise and non exercise group after the program but not before the program. Second, it appeared the functional vanishment of lumbar extensor before the program both exercise and non exercise group according to the variation of muscle function with the spinal stabilization exercise program for lumbar flexor extensor ratio. Third, it analyzed for the spinal stabilization with 8 ways according to the variation of muscle function with the spinal stabilization exercise program for the change of the spinal stabilization. The spinal stabilizaton increased each angle for the execise group but decreased or not changed for non exercise group. Fourth, it used 10m gait test for the speed and step length according to the variation of muscle function with the spinal stabilization exercise program. It appeared the increasement of gait ability for exercise group and there was significant difference between exercise and non exercise group. In conclusion, there was a positive effect for lumbar extension strength, lumbar flexion strength, lumbar flexor extensor ratio, spinal stabilization, and gait ability with regular spinal stabilization exercise program. This means that spinal stabilization exercise program give positive effect to the decrease of back pain and the development of muscular strength for private security guard, also will help to recover and return to work more faster. Also, it seems that the exercise prescription program may be applicable to prevent or to improve the function for private security guard.

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Feasibility of Ocean Survey by using Ocean Acoustic Tomography in southwestern part of the East Sea (동해 남서해역에서 해양음향 토모그래피 운용에 의한 해양탐사 가능성)

  • Han, Sang-Kyu;Na, Jung-Yul
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.13 no.6
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    • pp.75-82
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    • 1994
  • The ray paths and travel times of sound wave in the ocean depend on the physical properties of the propagating media. Ocean Acoustic Tomography(OAT), which is inversely estimate the travel time variations between fixed sources and receivers the physical properties of the corresponding media can he understood. To apply ocean survey technology by using the OAT, the tomographic procedure requires forward problem that variation of the travel times be identified with the variability of the medium. Also, received signals must be satisfied the necessary conditions of ray path stability, identification and resolution in order for OAT to work. The canonical ocean has been determined based on the historical data and its travel time and ray path are used as reference values. The sound speed of canonical ocean in the East Sea is about 1523 m/s at the surface and 1458 m/s at the sound channel axis(400m). Sound speeds in the East Sea are perturbed by warm eddy whose horizontal extension is more than 100 km with deeper than 200 m in depth scale. In this study, an acoustic source and receiver are placed at the depth above the sound channel axis, 350 m, and are separated by 200 km range. Ray paths are identified by the ray theory methed in a range dependent medium whose sound speeds are functions of a range and depth. The eigenray information obtained from interpolation between the rays bracketing the receiver are used to simulate the received signal by convolution of source signal with the eigenray informations. The source signal is taken as a 400 Hz rectangular pulse signal, bandwidth is 16 Hz and pulse length is 64 ms. According to the analysis of the received signal and identified ray path by using numerical model of underwater sound propagation, simulated signals satisfy the necessary conditions of OAT, applied in the East Sea.

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Interaction Between TCP and MAC-layer to Improve TCP Flow Performance over WLANs (유무선랜 환경에서 TCP Flow의 성능향상을 위한 MAC 계층과 TCP 계층의 연동기법)

  • Kim, Jae-Hoon;Chung, Kwang-Sue
    • Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.99-111
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    • 2008
  • In recent years, the needs for WLANs(Wireless Local Area Networks) technology which can access to Internet anywhere have been dramatically increased particularly in SOHO(Small Office Home Office) and Hot Spot. However, unlike wired networks, there are some unique characteristics of wireless networks. These characteristics include the burst packet losses due to unreliable wireless channel. Note that burst packet losses, which occur when the distance between the wireless station and the AP(Access Point) increase or when obstacles move temporarily between the station and AP, are very frequent in 802.11 networks. Conversely, due to burst packet losses, the performance of 802.11 networks are not always as sufficient as the current application require, particularly when they use TCP at the transport layer. The high packet loss rate over wireless links can trigger unnecessary execution of TCP congestion control algorithm, resulting in performance degradation. In order to overcome the limitations of WLANs environment, MAC-layer LDA(Loss Differentiation Algorithm)has been proposed. MAC-layer LDA prevents TCP's timeout by increasing CRD(Consecutive Retry Duration) higher than burst packet loss duration. However, in the wireless channel with high packet loss rate, MAC-layer LDA does not work well because of two reason: (a) If the CRD is lower than burst packet loss duration due to the limited increase of retry limit, end-to-end performance is degraded. (b) energy of mobile device and bandwidth utilization in the wireless link are wasted unnecessarily by Reducing the drainage speed of the network buffer due to the increase of CRD. In this paper, we propose a new retransmission module based on Cross-layer approach, called BLD(Burst Loss Detection) module, to solve the limitation of previous link layer retransmission schemes. BLD module's algorithm is retransmission mechanism at IEEE 802.11 networks and performs retransmission based on the interaction between retransmission mechanisms of the MAC layer and TCP. From the simulation by using ns-2(Network Simulator), we could see more improved TCP throughput and energy efficiency with the proposed scheme than previous mechanisms.

A 1.1V 12b 100MS/s 0.43㎟ ADC based on a low-voltage gain-boosting amplifier in a 45nm CMOS technology (45nm CMOS 공정기술에 최적화된 저전압용 이득-부스팅 증폭기 기반의 1.1V 12b 100MS/s 0.43㎟ ADC)

  • An, Tai-Ji;Park, Jun-Sang;Roh, Ji-Hyun;Lee, Mun-Kyo;Nah, Sun-Phil;Lee, Seung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.50 no.7
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    • pp.122-130
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    • 2013
  • This work proposes a 12b 100MS/s 45nm CMOS four-step pipeline ADC for high-speed digital communication systems requiring high resolution, low power, and small size. The input SHA employs a gate-bootstrapping circuit to sample wide-band input signals with an accuracy of 12 bits or more. The input SHA and MDACs adopt two-stage op-amps with a gain-boosting technique to achieve the required DC gain and high signal swing range. In addition, cascode and Miller frequency-compensation techniques are selectively used for wide bandwidth and stable signal settling. The cascode current mirror minimizes current mismatch by channel length modulation and supply variation. The finger width of current mirrors and amplifiers is laid out in the same size to reduce device mismatch. The proposed supply- and temperature-insensitive current and voltage references are implemented on chip with optional off-chip reference voltages for various system applications. The prototype ADC in a 45nm CMOS demonstrates the measured DNL and INL within 0.88LSB and 1.46LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 61.0dB and a maximum SFDR of 74.9dB at 100MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $0.43mm^2$ consumes 29.8mW at 100MS/s and a 1.1V supply.

Study on economic effects of outsourcing of food materials on the hotel kitchen - Focus on cooking Western food in the first class hotel - (식재료 아웃소싱이 경제적 주방에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 특1급호텔 양식조리를 중심으로 -)

  • 성태종
    • Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.45-69
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    • 2002
  • This study is designed to examine feasibility and limitation of outsourcing in cooking Western food in a hotel, to interpret importance of outsourcing(eg. outside order, outside procurement, outside supply) in a broad sense in order to reinforce the core capacity in the cooking department, and to know whether the cooking human power is efficiently used and how much the chefs recognize outsourcing of food materials. As many companies conduct restructuring to cut down its size, the reduction of human power led the Western food cooking in the hotel to lower core capacities, lower quality, and lower efficiency. In addition, the sagging morale of chefs undermined creativity. To change from the traditional kitchen to an economic kitchen needs to look into importance of outsourcing, cognitive attitude of chefs, relation with outside suppliers. Here suggests performance of positive changes in the structure The study examined feasibility and limitation of outsourcing in the hotel kitchen as well as chefs' cognitive attitude toward outsourcing of food materials to reinforce core capabilities of the hotel kitchen. 1. Companies of outsourcing are selected according to variability of price conditions, flexibility of contract conditions, popularity of the outsourcing company, and reputation of the outsourcing company. 2. The importance of outsourcing in the Western food cooking is divided into 4 factors such as standard of selecting outsourcing companies, policies of cooking manu, quality of cooking, and quantity of cooking. 3. The most feasible section in outsourcing of food materials is a process of kneading flour for bread, which shows that many Western-food chefs expect to put higher possibility of outsourcing on the kneading. In other words, when it comes to confectionery and bakery, there are many outside expert processing companies supplying high quality products. In the order of outsourcing feasibility, sauce is followed by processed vegetable, garnish of main dish, and soup. The least feasible section in outsourcing of food materials is appetize. Appetize includes a concept of a improvised dish and needs speed. Due to its color, freshness, and sensibility of taste, the appetize plays a key role in the Western food cooking. 4. When outsourcing is taken in place, the highest risk is to lower the inner cooking skills. Therefore chefs in charge of the Western food sequently recognize both internal problems including storage of cooking skills, unstability of layoffs, and loss of cooperation between departments, and external problems including inferior goods, difficulty of differentiating manu, delay of delivery, and expiration date. It shows that most of the Western food chefs consider risks of the internal problems at first. 5. A effective outsourcing needs appropriate selection of outsourcing companies, maintenance of credibility, active communication, check and management of hygiene. However regardless of their position or career, chefs in charge of the Western food have the same cognitive attitude toward selecting successful outsourcing companies after the outsourcing system is enforced. The core of cooking, or a final stage in the full process of so-called artistic cooking, should be treated with insourcing. Reduction of several cooking processes resulted in shortened cooking time, increased efficiency, faster cooking, cutting the waiting-lines, and finally more room for customers. The outsourcing system can reduce or eliminate the following processes in cooking: buying various food materials, checking, storing, preparing, and processing. Especially in the Western food cooking department of a hotel, the outsourcing system should be enforced to make an economic kitchen and to efficiently manage it. Wow it's time to change from the traditional kitchen to an economic kitchen in the hotel cooking department. For that, the cooking department should become a small but strong organization by outsourcing except its core work.

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A 10b 250MS/s $1.8mm^2$ 85mW 0.13um CMOS ADC Based on High-Accuracy Integrated Capacitors (높은 정확도를 가진 집적 커페시터 기반의 10비트 250MS/s $1.8mm^2$ 85mW 0.13un CMOS A/D 변환기)

  • Sa, Doo-Hwan;Choi, Hee-Cheol;Kim, Young-Lok;Lee, Seung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.43 no.11 s.353
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    • pp.58-68
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    • 2006
  • This work proposes a 10b 250MS/s $1.8mm^2$ 85mW 0.13um CMOS A/D Converter (ADC) for high-performance integrated systems such as next-generation DTV and WLAN simultaneously requiring low voltage, low power, and small area at high speed. The proposed 3-stage pipeline ADC minimizes chip area and power dissipation at the target resolution and sampling rate. The input SHA maintains 10b resolution with either gate-bootstrapped sampling switches or nominal CMOS sampling switches. The SHA and two MDACs based on a conventional 2-stage amplifier employ optimized trans-conductance ratios of two amplifier stages to achieve the required DC gain, bandwidth, and phase margin. The proposed signal insensitive 3-D fully symmetric capacitor layout reduces the device mismatch of two MDACs. The low-noise on-chip current and voltage references can choose optional off-chip voltage references. The prototype ADC is implemented in a 0.13um 1P8M CMOS process. The measured DNL and INL are within 0.24LSB and 0.35LSB while the ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 54dB and 48dB and a maximum SFDR of 67dB and 61dB at 200MS/s and 250MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $1.8mm^2$ consumes 85mW at 250MS/s at a 1.2V supply.

A Research on Perception of Leadership Affects Long-term Working Intention in the Beauty Service Employees (미용서비스종사자의 리더십 지각이 장기근속의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Oh, Jin Sook;Youn, Chun Sung
    • Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.21-32
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    • 2012
  • The current beauty service of Korea is upgrading its outside appearance from traditional small-shop image and its speed of change and competition are more severe than ever before. The top priority trait of beauty management is based on man-power resource, and personnel-management is the most important thing that more than anything else. Compared with other arenas of business, personnel management plays a key role in beauty industry. As a result, this research begins with the issue of personnel management. In addition, I will show that the management leadership of beauty service affects organization civil actions and changing jobs in the beauty industry employees, and the leadership can lower changing job rate to some extent. The role and duty of business manager is very significant because the dependence of man-power resource is magnificent in beauty service. In spite of rapid changing of economic surroundings, the management of beauty service is still working without any detail plans. It is no exaggeration to say that the most of beauty service managers are lack of leadership conception. Although the demands of customers are changing everyday, the frequent changing of jobs among talented employees drops customers credibility and high-quality service. From a management viewpoint, re-training cost of employees leads to economic loss and the company suffers from financial problems. As a result, it creates vicious circle in the beauty industry. Today, the management atmosphere in the beauty service is hard to get its right track because of the cutthroat competitions of beauty industry and difficulties of hiring promising employees. It has been said that "Nothing ventured, Nothing gained" Above all, the beauty service requires job speciality and it produces economic profits. Therefore, the managers desperately need to change the way they regard those with job changers. In this research shows the principal index of the leadership type of beauty business managers how much affects its employees' long-term working condition. The new concept of leadership, such as alternative suggestions, setting goals, and organization civil action will reorganize the stereo-type frame. I will also investigate the factors of job changing and intention of the beauty service employees for the development option of the beauty industry.

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A 10b 200MS/s 75.6mW $0.76mm^2$ 65nm CMOS Pipeline ADC for HDTV Applications (HDTV 응용을 위한 10비트 200MS/s 75.6mW $0.76mm^2$ 65nm CMOS 파이프라인 A/D 변환기)

  • Park, Beom-Soo;Kim, Young-Ju;Park, Seung-Jae;Lee, Seung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 2009
  • This work proposes a 10b 200MS/s 65nm CMOS ADC for high-definition video systems such as HDTV requiring high resolution and fast operating speed simultaneously. The proposed ADC employs a four-step pipeline architecture to minimize power consumption and chip area. The input SHA based on four capacitors reduces the output signal range from $1.4V_{p-p}$ to $1.0V_{p-p}$ considering high input signal levels at a low supply voltage of 1.2V. The proposed three-stage amplifiers in the input SHA and MDAC1 overcome the low output resistance problem as commonly observed in a 65nm CMOS process. The proposed multipath frequency-compensation technique enables the conventional RNMC based three-stage amplifiers to achieve a stable operation at a high sampling rate of 200MS/s. The conventional switched-bias power-reduction technique in the sub-ranging flash ADCs further reduces power consumption while the reference generator integrated on chip with optional off-chip reference voltages allows versatile system a locations. The prototype ADC in a 65nm CMOS technology demonstrates a measured DNL and INL within 0.19LSB and 0.61LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 54.BdB and 52.4dB and a maximum SFDR of 72.9dB and 64.8dB at 150MS/S and 200MS/s, respectively. The proposed ADC occupies an active die area of $0.76mm^2$ and consumes 75.6mW at a 1.2V supply voltage.

A Study on Relationship between Physical Elements and Tennis/Golf Elbow

  • Choi, Jungmin;Park, Jungwoo;Kim, Hyunseung
    • Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.183-196
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    • 2017
  • Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the agreement between job physical risk factor analysis by ergonomists using ergonomic methods and physical examinations made by occupational physicians on the presence of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities. Background: Ergonomics is the systematic application of principles concerned with the design of devices and working conditions for enhancing human capabilities and optimizing working and living conditions. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent injuries and physical and emotional stress. The major types of ergonomic injuries and incidents are cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), acute strains, sprains, and system failures. Minimization of use of excessive force and awkward postures can help to prevent such injuries Method: Initial data were collected as part of a larger study by the University of Utah Ergonomics and Safety program field data collection teams and medical data collection teams from the Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (RMCOEH). Subjects included 173 male and female workers, 83 at Beehive Clothing (a clothing plant), 74 at Autoliv (a plant making air bags for vehicles), and 16 at Deseret Meat (a meat-processing plant). Posture and effort levels were analyzed using a software program developed at the University of Utah (Utah Ergonomic Analysis Tool). The Ergonomic Epicondylitis Model (EEM) was developed to assess the risk of epicondylitis from observable job physical factors. The model considers five job risk factors: (1) intensity of exertion, (2) forearm rotation, (3) wrist posture, (4) elbow compression, and (5) speed of work. Qualitative ratings of these physical factors were determined during video analysis. Personal variables were also investigated to study their relationship with epicondylitis. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between risk factors and symptoms of epicondyle pain. Results: Results of this study indicate that gender, smoking status, and BMI do have an effect on the risk of epicondylitis but there is not a statistically significant relationship between EEM and epicondylitis. Conclusion: This research studied the relationship between an Ergonomic Epicondylitis Model (EEM) and the occurrence of epicondylitis. The model was not predictive for epicondylitis. However, it is clear that epicondylitis was associated with some individual risk factors such as smoking status, gender, and BMI. Based on the results, future research may discover risk factors that seem to increase the risk of epicondylitis. Application: Although this research used a combination of questionnaire, ergonomic job analysis, and medical job analysis to specifically verify risk factors related to epicondylitis, there are limitations. This research did not have a very large sample size because only 173 subjects were available for this study. Also, it was conducted in only 3 facilities, a plant making air bags for vehicles, a meat-processing plant, and a clothing plant in Utah. If working conditions in other kinds of facilities are considered, results may improve. Therefore, future research should perform analysis with additional subjects in different kinds of facilities. Repetition and duration of a task were not considered as risk factors in this research. These two factors could be associated with epicondylitis so it could be important to include these factors in future research. Psychosocial data and workplace conditions (e.g., low temperature) were also noted during data collection, and could be used to further study the prevalence of epicondylitis. Univariate analysis methods could be used for each variable of EEM. This research was performed using multivariate analysis. Therefore, it was difficult to recognize the different effect of each variable. Basically, the difference between univariate and multivariate analysis is that univariate analysis deals with one predictor variable at a time, whereas multivariate analysis deals with multiple predictor variables combined in a predetermined manner. The univariate analysis could show how each variable is associated with epicondyle pain. This may allow more appropriate weighting factors to be determined and therefore improve the performance of the EEM.

A study on the developing and implementation of the Cyber University (가상대학 구현에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Sung;Yoo, Gab-Sang
    • Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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    • 1998.06a
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    • pp.116-127
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    • 1998
  • The Necessity of Cyber University. Within the rapidly changing environment of global economics, the environment of higher education in the universities, also, has been, encountering various changes. Popularization on higher education related to 1lifetime education system, putting emphasis on the productivity of education services and the acquisition of competitiveness through the market of open education, the breakdown of the ivory tower and the Multiversitization of universities, importance of obtaining information in the universities, and cooperation between domestic and oversea universities, industry and educational system must be acquired. Therefore, in order to adequately cope wi th these kinds of rapid changes in the education environment, operating Cyber University by utilizing various information technologies and its fixations such as Internet, E-mail, CD-ROMs, Interact ive Video Networks (Video Conferencing, Video on Demand), TV, Cable etc., which has no time or location limitation, is needed. Using informal ion and telecommunication technologies, especially the Internet is expected to Or ing about many changes in the social, economics and educational area. Among the many changes scholars have predicted, the development and fixations of Distant Learning or Cyber University was the most dominant factor. In the case of U. S. A., Cyber University has already been established and in under operation by the Federate Governments of 13 states. Any other universities (around 500 universities has been opened until1 now), with the help of the government and private citizens have been able to partly operate the Cyber University and is planning on enlarging step-by-step in the future. It could be seen not only as U. S. A. trying to elevate its higher education through their leading information technologies, but also could be seen as their objective in putting efforts on subordinating the culture of the education worldwide. UTRA University in U. S. A., for example, is already exporting its class lectures to China, and Indonesia regions. Influenced by the Cyber University current in the U.S., the Universities in Korea is willing .to arrange various forms of Cyber Universities. In line with this, at JUNAM National University, internet based Cyber University, which has set about its work on July of 1997, is in the state of operating about 100 Cyber Universities. Also, in the case of Hanam University, the Distant Learning classes are at its final stage of being established; this is a link in the rapid speed project of setting an example by the Korean Government. In addition, the department of education has selected 5 universities, including Seoul Cyber Design University for experimentation and is in the stage of strategic operation. Over 100 universities in Korea are speeding up its preparation for operating Cyber University. This form of Distant Learning goes beyond the walls of universities and is in the trend of being diffused in business areas or in various training programs of financial organizations and more. Here, in the hope that this material would some what be of help to other Universities which are preparing for Cyber University, I would 1ike to introduce some general concepts of the components forming Cyber University and Open Education System which has been established by JUNAM University. System of Cyber University could be seen as a general solution offered by tile computer technologies for the management on the students, Lectures On Demand, real hour based and satellite classes, media product ion lab for the production of the multimedia Contents, electronic library, the Groupware enabling exchange of information between students and professors. Arranging general concepts of components in the aspect of Cyber University and Open Education, it would be expressed in the form of the establishment of Cyber University and the service of Open Education as can be seen in the diagram below.

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