• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

The old Samcheok construction company housing in Donghae City was built for employees of Nitrogenous lime factory with railway construction in 1939. The 31 company houses are arranged in a rows including a House A, two No. 2 and 3 Houses, a dormitory, 12 row houses of two households, and 15 row houses of four households. At present, they are preserved with prototype at that time of building as a private company. Researching the architectural characteristics from A and No. $2{\cdot}3$ detached houses of them, the results are as follows. The tea room, living room, and kitchen are centralized and connected with toilet, bathroom, and maid's room by corridor. The exterior wall was finished with paintwork on cement mortar on stud wall framing plastered. The key exterior elements such as diamond shaped asbestos slate, large openings, corner bay window, lintel cornice are in accordance with drawings that they were first designed. The wooden roof structure is based on the structure that supports transverse load with a beam and beam plate instead of thrust. The kitchen and toilet are remodelled and only seem to be a mere shadow of their former self, but the position of sink and toilet bowl is the same as before.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2012

This study examines the isolation-heat performance of fire proof fabric that is equipped over ceiling board in order to secure the capability of arresting the spread of a fire at roof 'Jucsim' structure of Wooden Cultural Properties. For this examination, I conduct experiments with the model and compare two construction methods of fire proof fabric, or flat-type, folding-type. The experiments show the following results. In case of installing the fire proof fabric in flat-type, when the temperature under the ceiling board is $750^{\circ}C$, the temperatures over the ceiling board is $50^{\circ}C$; the difference is $700^{\circ}C$. Compared with the case of removing fire proof fabric, the temperature over the ceiling board is lower by approximately $580^{\circ}C{\sim}600^{\circ}C$. Therefore it can be said that the construction of fire proof fabric enhances the isolation-heat performance. In case of installing the fire proof fabric in folding-type, when the temperature under the ceiling board is $600^{\circ}C$, the temperatures over the ceiling board is $65^{\circ}C$; the difference is approximately $530^{\circ}C$. Thus its isolation-heat performance is a little inferior to the flat-type equipment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

A connection was made between a single stretcher and 2 headers with 2 threaded nails (Type-A), and another one between 2 stretchers and 2 headers with 4 threaded nails (Type-B) to use as specimens. Type-C was the stretchers that are connected with 2 threaded nails by half lap joint at end-distance 5D to reinforce Type-B, Type-C1 the stretchers that are connected by half lap joint at end-distance 10D, and Type-C2 with 3 threaded nails at end-distance 10D. Compressive shear strength of Type-C, the supplementation of Type-B, was decreased by 30%, compared with that of Type-B. Those of Type-B and Type-C1 that used longer end-distance than Type-C were about the same, and that of Type-C2 connected with 3 threaded nails was 1.28-times stronger than that of Type-C1. Connection of the retaining wall using existing square timber has a problem between long and short stretchers and 2 headers. So it was investigated in the experiment to replace it. Therefore, if Type-B is replaced with Type-C2 in constructing the retaining wall, the crack and the rupture of timber caused by threaded nail as well as construction period can be reduced, and also it can be expected to increase their own strength.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.515-527
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• 2013

Building energy simulations which are mainly used in Korea have evaluated the building energy performance with the different thermal conductivity of construction materials. In order to evaluate the energy consumption accurately, the difference in thermal conductivity of the wood used in stud for wooden structure was confirmed from the each simulation. In addition, the thermal transmission of building members and the thermal bridge at the conjunction of building members according to thermal conductivity from each simulation programs were researched. The thermal conductivity of pine that has the largest variation among the energy simulations was applied to the thermal properties of studs in wooden structure. The maximum error between the maximum and minimum thermal transmission of roof, wall, and floor slab was $0.023W/m^2{\cdot}K$. Plus, that thermal bridge at Rafter junction on the roof, roof-wall joint, and floor slab-wall joint was $0.025W/m{\cdot}K$. The heat transfer image for changes in temperature and the heat exchange were analyzed by HEAT2 program. The distorted temperature lines were found around the insufficient insulated connection parts. It was predicted that the temperature at the distorted parts in the analyzed image was lower than that of the other portion of the other structures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.162-177
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• 2014

This article examined the burial type, wooden coffin and its historical significance of Iksan Ssangneung, the royal tombs of Baekje. Ssangneung was found to be the royal tombs of King Mu(武王) and queen through the burial type, wooden coffin, articles such as chinese jade ornaments and the deep relationship between King Mu and Iksan region. The reason of constructing Baekje royal tombs in Iksan region can be examined at many aspects. First, Iksan was a very important place for King Mu. Because Iksan was the basis of his political growth. Also, Iksan was a important geopolitical location in relation with Silla(新羅). For this reason, Iksan was developed in earnest. The construction of major facilities such as royal palace and temples in Iksan suggest the transfer of the capital from Sabi(泗?) or the preparation and partial execution at least. However, the transfer of the capital was not completed. It can be seen as the incomplete city. However, even after King Mu Iksan was maintained as the important region by King Euja(義慈王). It can be seen through the maintenance of great temples such as Jeseoksa(帝釋寺) and Mireuksa(彌勒寺) built at later period of King Mu and royal palace area, even though royal palace had turned into the temple. These inherited consciousness may have been embodied in the act of building royal tombs of King Mu and queen.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.102-115
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• 2014

The stamped earth method is a typical ancient engineering technique which consists of in-filling wooden frame with layers of stamped earth or sand. This method has been universally used to construct earthen walls and buildings, etc. The purpose of this article is to understand the construction method and principles of the stamped earthen wall through analysis of various construction techniques of Pungnaptoseong Fortress(Earthen Fortification in Pungnap-dong). First of all, the ground was leveled and the foundations for the construction of the earthen wall were laid. The underground foundation of the earthen walls was usually constructed by digging into the ground and then in-filling this space with layers of mud clay. Occasionally wooden posts or paving stones which may have been used to reinforce the soft ground were driven in. The method of adding layers of stamped earth at an oblique angle to either side of a central wall is the most characteristic feature of Pungnaptoseong Fortress. Even though the traces of fixing posts, boards, and the hardening of earth - all signatures of the stamped earth technique - have not been identified, evidence of a wooden frame has been found. It has also been observed that this section was constructed by including layers of mud clay and organic remains such as leaves and twigs in order to strengthen the adhesiveness of the structures. The outer part of the central wall was constructed by the anti-slope stamped earth technique to protect central wall. In addition a final layer of paved stones was added to the upper part of the wall. These stone layers and the stone wall were constructed in order to prevent the loss of the earthen wall and to discharge and drain water. Meanwhile, the technique of cementing with fire was used to control damp and remove water in stamped earth. It can not be said at present that the stamped earth method has been confirmed as the typical construction method of Korean ancient earthen walls. If we make a comparative study of the evidence of the stamped earth technique at Pungnaptoseong Fortress with other archeological sites, progress will be made in the investigation of the construction method and principles of stamped earthen wall.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.121-128
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• 2013

This study attempted to explore the MC design methods of modular construction using discontinuous double module grids and further, the design methods of walls. Modular construction is generally characterized with multiple units called modules with a module dimension of 3M(300mm) appearing in the form of double grids. The discontinuous double grids including correction values and gap values occurs inevitably in the modular construction where units are joined horizontally. Therefore, it is desirable to carry out the MC design taking into account these discontinuous double grids. In this study, the MC design was applied to the plane of wooden houses in modular construction, going through a process of setting the size of pillars and inside dimensions, of determining the dimension of discontinuous double grids that occur during the assembly of units, and of setting the dimension of outer walls in conjunction with the derived dimensions. The dimension of outer walls was applied differently depending on the range of regional use by analyzing the energy performance with the materials used. Consequently, the materials and components of factory-produced buildings can be used directly without processing, and the suitability of the outer wall design can be pre-determined by previewing the calculation of the cross-sectional configuration and heat transmission coefficients of outer walls in modular construction, allowing to be used as a decision-making tool of design.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

In the 16~17th centuries, the construction of T-shaped pavilion in Gyeongsangbuk-do was centered on the families of the Goseong-Lee clan and Andong-Kwon clan, who had a lot of exchanges with each other near Andong. It can be presumed that the complex structure of the T-shaped pavilion was intended to represent the technology, economic power, and social influence of the clan. After the 18th century, construction areas spread and construction subjects were diversified, but the number of new constructions decreased. It can be seen that T-shaped pavilion was erected and used for public purposes rather than personal reasons in terms of layout or flat scale. The roof of the T-shaped pavilion is very diverse depending on the wooden structure, the height of the roof and the configuration of the apex. The T-shaped pavilion, which combines two parts, has been developed in a way that strengthens not only the appearance but also the structural bonding force. The bonding strength is strengthened through the process of "roof aligning", "roof bonding", "structure connection", and "structure integration", which shows a similar tendency to the age of actual cases.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.101-112
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• 2020

This study focuses on the construction of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the second year of King Gojong's reign, which has been spotlighted for political and economic history. The author analyzed the contents of wood procurement with the Yeonggeon Diary, which records each day of construction site. The results are as follows: First, the 2nd year of King Gojong's reign, Yeonggeon of Gyeongbokgung Palace, was a new building that reflected the old system and 270 years of changed environment on the existing site. Despite the poor economic conditions, it began with years of effort and voluntary volunteer work and dedication. Second, the priority of timber transport was recruiting people in the whole process and the supply and demand of transportation tools. Carrying lumber from the mountains to the riverside and floating it at the right time were all a matter of manpower. Soldiers and carts were used to carry timber that arrived in Hangang River to the construction site. The cart was a consumable product, so it was necessary to continuously use the wood to make cart at the site. Third, fire and flood were the biggest obstacles to the Yeonggeon schedule of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Especially the fire was fatal. It was difficult to extinguish the fire in temporary structure, where was the storage for wood to construct. These disasters greatly affected the construction cost and construction period. Wood procurements of Gyeongbokgung Palace were based on public offerings. At the same time, recycled materials from other palace wood and nearby houses, nationwide buying of private mountain wood, the logging of royal tombs and some of the buildings of Gyeonghui Palace and Changgyeong Palace were relocated.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3D
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• pp.413-420
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to suggest the road pavement material combining wooden chip crushed from little useful roots and branches from logging sites or wood waste from construction sites with urethane resin. For the specimen, the mass ratio of urethane resin to construction wood waste chip/lumber waster chip was set to three different levels of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, which was measured, mixed with mixer, and molded; 7 days after, tensile strength test, elasticity test using golf balls and steel balls, permeability coefficient measurement, and flammability test were executed. As the result, the tensile strength of the specimen at the dry state in the air exhibited the range of 0.2-1.1MPa, and there was no change after 7 days of aging. When submerged in water, however, the strength was partially diminished; the diminishing rate was greater for less urethane resin usage, and therefore it appears desirable to set the mass ratio of resin to the wood waste chip over 0.75 to consider the moisture intrusion by precipitation and such. As the result of elasticity test, the GB and SB coefficients of the specimen using wood waste chips and urethane resin were measured to be low at below 20%, exhibiting excellent elasticity as road pavement material. Also, the permeability coefficient was over 0.5mm/sec for specimens of all combinations, exceeding the standard value required after construction for permeable pavement material, and the flammability of wood-type pavement material was evaluated to have no practical issues.